0.8.13.71: CORRECT DOCUMENTATION

[sbcl.git] / doc / manual / compiler.texinfo

@node Compiler
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@chapter Compiler

This chapter will discuss most compiler issues other than efficiency,
including compiler error messages, the SBCL compiler's unusual
approach to type safety in the presence of type declarations, the
effects of various compiler optimization policies, and the way that
inlining and open coding may cause optimized code to differ from a
naive translation. Efficiency issues are sufficiently varied and
separate that they have their own chapter, @ref{Efficiency}.

@menu
* Diagnostic Messages::         
* Handling of Types::           
* Compiler Policy::             
* Compiler Errors::             
* Open Coding and Inline Expansion::  
@end menu

@node  Diagnostic Messages
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Diagnostic Messages
@cindex Messages, Compiler
@cindex Compiler messages

@menu
* Controlling Verbosity::       
* Diagnostic Severity::         
* Understanding Compiler Diagnostics::  
@end menu

@node Controlling Verbosity
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsection Controlling Verbosity

The compiler can be quite verbose in its diagnostic reporting, rather
more then some users would prefer -- the amount of noise emitted can
be controlled, however.

To control emission of compiler diagnostics (of any severity other
than @code{error}: @pxref{Diagnostic Severity}) use the
@code{sb-ext:muffle-conditions} and @code{sb-ext:unmuffle-conditions}
declarations, specifying the type of condition that is to be muffled
(the muffling is done using an associated @code{muffle-warning} restart).

Global control:
@lisp
;;; Muffle compiler-notes globally
(declaim (sb-ext:muffle-conditions sb-ext:compiler-note))
@end lisp

Local control:
@lisp
;;; Muffle compiler-notes based on lexical scope
(defun foo (x)
  (declare (optimize speed) (fixnum x)
           (sb-ext:muffle-conditions sb-ext:compiler-note))
  (values (* x 5) ; no compiler note from this
    (locally
      (declare (sb-ext:unmuffle-conditions sb-ext:compiler-note))
      ;; this one gives a compiler note
      (* x -5))))
@end lisp

@deffn {Declaration} sb-ext:muffle-conditions
Syntax: type*

Muffles the diagnostic messages that would be caused by compile-time
signals of given types.
@end deffn

@deffn {Declaration} sb-ext:unmuffle-conditions
Syntax: type*

Cancels the effect of a previous @code{sb-ext:muffle-condition}
declaration.
@end deffn

@c <!-- FIXME: How much control over error messages is in SBCL?
@c      _     How much should be? How much of this documentation should
@c      _     we save or adapt? 
@c      _ 
@c      _ %%\node Error Message Parameterization,  , Read Errors, Interpreting Error Messages
@c      _ \subsection{Error Message Parameterization}
@c      _ \cpsubindex{error messages}{verbosity}
@c      _ \cpsubindex{verbosity}{of error messages}
@c      _ 
@c      _ There is some control over the verbosity of error messages.  See also
@c      _ \varref{undefined-warning-limit}, \code{*efficiency-note-limit*} and
@c      _ \varref{efficiency-note-cost-threshold}.
@c      _ 
@c      _ \begin{defvar}{}{enclosing-source-cutoff}
@c      _ 
@c      _   This variable specifies the number of enclosing actual source forms
@c      _   that are printed in full, rather than in the abbreviated processing
@c      _   path format.  Increasing the value from its default of \code{1}
@c      _   allows you to see more of the guts of the macroexpanded source,
@c      _   which is useful when debugging macros.
@c      _ \end{defvar}
@c      _ 
@c      _ \begin{defvar}{}{error-print-length}
@c      _   \defvarx{error-print-level}
@c      _ 
@c      _   These variables are the print level and print length used in
@c      _   printing error messages.  The default values are \code{5} and
@c      _   \code{3}.  If null, the global values of \code{*print-level*} and
@c      _   \code{*print-length*} are used.
@c      _ \end{defvar}
@c      _ 
@c      _ \begin{defmac}{extensions:}{define-source-context}{%
@c      _     \args{\var{name} \var{lambda-list} \mstar{form}}}
@c      _ 
@c      _   This macro defines how to extract an abbreviated source context from
@c      _   the \var{name}d form when it appears in the compiler input.
@c      _   \var{lambda-list} is a \code{defmacro} style lambda-list used to
@c      _   parse the arguments.  The \var{body} should return a list of
@c      _   subforms that can be printed on about one line.  There are
@c      _   predefined methods for \code{defstruct}, \code{defmethod}, etc.  If
@c      _   no method is defined, then the first two subforms are returned.
@c      _   Note that this facility implicitly determines the string name
@c      _   associated with anonymous functions.
@c      _ \end{defmac}
@c      _ 
@c      _ -->


@node  Diagnostic Severity
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsection Diagnostic Severity
@cindex Severity of compiler messages
@cindex compiler diagnostic severity
@tindex error
@tindex warning
@tindex style-warning
@tindex compiler-note
@tindex code-deletion-note

There are four levels of compiler diagnostic severity: 

@enumerate 1
@item error
@item warning
@item style warning
@item note
@end enumerate

The first three levels correspond to condition classes which are
defined in the ANSI standard for Common Lisp and which have special
significance to the @code{compile} and @code{compile-file} functions.
These levels of compiler error severity occur when the compiler
handles conditions of these classes. 

The fourth level of compiler error severity, @emph{note}, corresponds
to the @code{sb-ext:compiler-note}, and is used for problems which are
too mild for the standard condition classes, typically hints about how
efficiency might be improved. The @code{sb-ext:code-deletion-note}, a
subtype of @code{compiler-note}, is signalled when the compiler
deletes user-supplied code, usually after proving that the code in
question is unreachable.

Future work for SBCL includes expanding this hierarchy of types to
allow more fine-grained control over emission of diagnostic messages.

@include condition-sb-ext-compiler-note.texinfo
@include condition-sb-ext-code-deletion-note.texinfo


@node Understanding Compiler Diagnostics
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsection Understanding Compile Diagnostics

The messages emitted by the compiler contain a lot of detail in a
terse format, so they may be confusing at first. The messages will be
illustrated using this example program:

@lisp
(defmacro zoq (x)
  `(roq (ploq (+ ,x 3))))

(defun foo (y)
  (declare (symbol y))
  (zoq y))
@end lisp

The main problem with this program is that it is trying to add
@code{3} to a symbol. Note also that the functions @code{roq} and
@code{ploq} aren't defined anywhere.

@menu
* The Parts of a Compiler Diagnostic::  
* The Original and Actual Source::  
* The Processing Path::         
@end menu

@node  The Parts of a Compiler Diagnostic
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsubsection The Parts of a Compiler Diagnostic

When processing this program, the compiler will produce this warning:

@example
; file: /tmp/foo.lisp
; in: DEFUN FOO
;     (ZOQ Y)
; --> ROQ PLOQ
; ==>
;   (+ Y 3)
;
; caught WARNING:
;   Asserted type NUMBER conflicts with derived type (VALUES SYMBOL &OPTIONAL).
@end example

In this example we see each of the six possible parts of a compiler
diagnostic:

@enumerate

@item
@findex with-compilation-unit
@samp{file: /tmp/foo.lisp} This is the name of the file that the
compiler read the relevant code from.  The file name is displayed
because it may not be immediately obvious when there is an error
during compilation of a large system, especially when
@code{with-compilation-unit} is used to delay undefined warnings.

@item
@samp{in: DEFUN FOO} This is the definition top level form responsible
for the diagnostic. It is obtained by taking the first two elements of
the enclosing form whose first element is a symbol beginning with
``@samp{def}''. If there is no such enclosing ``@samp{def}'' form,
then the outermost form is used. If there are multiple @samp{def}
forms, then they are all printed from the outside in, separated by
@samp{=>}'s. In this example, the problem was in the @code{defun} for
@code{foo}.

@item
@cindex Original Source
@samp{(ZOQ Y)} This is the @dfn{original source} form responsible for
the diagnostic. Original source means that the form directly appeared
in the original input to the compiler, i.e. in the lambda passed to
@code{compile} or in the top level form read from the source file. In
this example, the expansion of the @code{zoq} macro was responsible
for the message.

@item
@cindex Processing Path
@samp{--> ROQ PLOQ} This is the @dfn{processing path} that the
compiler used to produce the code that caused the message to be
emitted. The processing path is a representation of the evaluated
forms enclosing the actual source that the compiler encountered when
processing the original source. The path is the first element of each
form, or the form itself if the form is not a list. These forms result
from the expansion of macros or source-to-source transformation done
by the compiler. In this example, the enclosing evaluated forms are
the calls to @code{roq} and @code{ploq}. These calls resulted from the
expansion of the @code{zoq} macro.

@item
@cindex Actual Source
@samp{==> (+ Y 3)} This is the @dfn{actual source} responsible for the
diagnostic. If the actual source appears in the explanation, then we
print the next enclosing evaluated form, instead of printing the
actual source twice. (This is the form that would otherwise have been
the last form of the processing path.) In this example, the problem is
with the evaluation of the reference to the variable @code{y}.

@item
@samp{caught WARNING: Asserted type NUMBER conflicts with derived type
(VALUES SYMBOL &OPTIONAL).}  This is the @dfn{explanation} of the
problem. In this example, the problem is that, while the call to
@code{+} requires that its arguments are all of type @code{number},
the compiler has derived that @code{y} will evaluate to a
@code{symbol}.  Note that @samp{(VALUES SYMBOL &OPTIONAL)} expresses
that @code{y} evaluates to precisely one value.

@end enumerate

Note that each part of the message is distinctively marked:

@itemize

@item
 @samp{file:} and @samp{in:} mark the file and definition,
respectively.

@item
The original source is an indented form with no prefix.

@item
Each line of the processing path is prefixed with @samp{-->}

@item
The actual source form is indented like the original source, but is
marked by a preceding @samp{==>} line.
@comment no it isn't.

@item
The explanation is prefixed with the diagnostic severity, which can be
@samp{caught ERROR:}, @samp{caught WARNING:}, @samp{caught
STYLE-WARNING:}, or @samp{note:}.

@end itemize

Each part of the message is more specific than the preceding one. If
consecutive messages are for nearby locations, then the front part of
the messages would be the same. In this case, the compiler omits as
much of the second message as in common with the first. For example:

@example
; file: /tmp/foo.lisp
; in: DEFUN FOO
;     (ZOQ Y)
; --> ROQ
; ==>
;   (PLOQ (+ Y 3))
;
; caught STYLE-WARNING:
;   undefined function: PLOQ
 
; ==>
;   (ROQ (PLOQ (+ Y 3)))
;
; caught STYLE-WARNING:
;   undefined function: ROQ
@end example
@comment fixing that weird blank line might be good

In this example, the file, definition and original source are
identical for the two messages, so the compiler omits them in the
second message. If consecutive messages are entirely identical, then
the compiler prints only the first message, followed by: @samp{[Last
message occurs @var{repeats} times]} where @var{repeats} is the number
of times the message was given.

If the source was not from a file, then no file line is printed. If
the actual source is the same as the original source, then the
processing path and actual source will be omitted. If no forms
intervene between the original source and the actual source, then the
processing path will also be omitted.


@node  The Original and Actual Source
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsubsection The Original and Actual Source
@cindex Original Source
@cindex Actual Source

The @emph{original source} displayed will almost always be a list. If
the actual source for an message is a symbol, the original source will
be the immediately enclosing evaluated list form. So even if the
offending symbol does appear in the original source, the compiler will
print the enclosing list and then print the symbol as the actual
source (as though the symbol were introduced by a macro.)

When the @emph{actual source} is displayed (and is not a symbol), it
will always be code that resulted from the expansion of a macro or a
source-to-source compiler optimization. This is code that did not
appear in the original source program; it was introduced by the
compiler.

Keep in mind that when the compiler displays a source form in an
diagnostic message, it always displays the most specific (innermost)
responsible form. For example, compiling this function

@lisp
(defun bar (x)
  (let (a)
    (declare (fixnum a))
    (setq a (foo x))
    a))
@end lisp

gives this error message

@example
; file: /tmp/foo.lisp
; in: DEFUN BAR
;     (LET (A)
;     (DECLARE (FIXNUM A))
;     (SETQ A (FOO X))
;     A)
;
; caught WARNING:
;   Asserted type FIXNUM conflicts with derived type (VALUES NULL &OPTIONAL).
@end example

This message is not saying ``there is a problem somewhere in this
@code{let}'' -- it is saying that there is a problem with the
@code{let} itself. In this example, the problem is that @code{a}'s
@code{nil} initial value is not a @code{fixnum}.

@node The Processing Path
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsubsection The Processing Path
@cindex Processing path
@cindex Macroexpansion
@cindex Source-to-source transformation

The processing path is mainly useful for debugging macros, so if you
don't write macros, you can probably ignore it. Consider this example:

@lisp
(defun foo (n)
  (dotimes (i n *undefined*)))
@end lisp

Compiling results in this error message:

@example
; in: DEFUN FOO
;     (DOTIMES (I N *UNDEFINED*))
; --> DO BLOCK LET TAGBODY RETURN-FROM
; ==>
;   (PROGN *UNDEFINED*)
;
; caught WARNING:
;   undefined variable: *UNDEFINED*
@end example

Note that @code{do} appears in the processing path. This is because
@code{dotimes} expands into:

@lisp
(do ((i 0 (1+ i)) (#:g1 n))
    ((>= i #:g1) *undefined*)
  (declare (type unsigned-byte i)))
@end lisp

The rest of the processing path results from the expansion of
@code{do}:

@lisp
(block nil
  (let ((i 0) (#:g1 n))
    (declare (type unsigned-byte i))
    (tagbody (go #:g3)
      #:g2    (psetq i (1+ i))
      #:g3    (unless (>= i #:g1) (go #:g2))
      (return-from nil (progn *undefined*)))))
@end lisp

In this example, the compiler descended into the @code{block},
@code{let}, @code{tagbody} and @code{return-from} to reach the
@code{progn} printed as the actual source. This is a place where the
``actual source appears in explanation'' rule was applied. The
innermost actual source form was the symbol @code{*undefined*} itself,
but that also appeared in the explanation, so the compiler backed out
one level.





@node  Handling of Types
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Handling of Types

The most unusual features of the SBCL compiler (which is very
similar to the original CMUCL compiler, also known as @dfn{Python})
is its unusually sophisticated understanding of the Common Lisp type
system and its unusually conservative approach to the implementation
of type declarations.

These two features reward the use of type declarations throughout
development, even when high performance is not a concern. Also, as
discussed in the chapter on performance (@pxref{Efficiency}), the use
of appropriate type declarations can be very important for performance
as well.

@findex satisfies
The SBCL compiler also has a greater knowledge of the Common Lisp
type system than other compilers. Support is incomplete only for types
involving the @code{satisfies} type specifier.

@c <!-- FIXME: See also sections \ref{advanced-type-stuff}
@c      and \ref{type-inference}, once we snarf them from the
@c      CMU CL manual. -->
@c
@c Also see my paper on improving Baker, when I get round to it.
@c
@c Whose paper?

@menu
* Declarations as Assertions::  
* Precise Type Checking::       
* Getting Existing Programs to Run::  
* Implementation Limitations::  
@end menu

@node Declarations as Assertions
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsection Declarations as Assertions
@findex safety

The SBCL compiler treats type declarations differently from most
other Lisp compilers. Under default compilation policy the compiler
doesn't blindly believe type declarations, but considers them
assertions about the program that should be checked: all type
declarations that have not been proven to always hold are asserted at
runtime.

@quotation
@emph{Remaining bugs in the compiler's handling of types unfortunately
provide some exceptions to this rule, see @ref{Implementation
Limitations}).}
@end quotation

There are three type checking policies available in SBCL,
selectable via @code{optimize} declarations.

@table @strong

@c FIXME: This should be properly integrated with general policy
@c stuff, once that gets cleaned up.

@item Full Type Checks
All declarations are considered assertions to be checked at runtime,
and all type checks are precise.

Used when @code{(>= safety (max speed space compilation-speed)}. The
default compilation policy provides full type checks.

@item Weak Type Checks
Any or all type declarations may be believed without runtime
assertions, and assertions that are done may be imprecise.

Used when @code{(> 0 safety (max speed space compilation-speed)}.

@item No Type Checks
All declarations are believed without assertions. Also disables
argument count and array bounds checking.

Used when @code{(= safety 0)}.

@end table

@node  Precise Type Checking
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsection Precise Type Checking
@cindex Precise type checking
@cindex Type checking, precise

Precise checking means that the check is done as though @code{typep}
had been called with the exact type specifier that appeared in the
declaration.

If a variable is declared to be @code{(integer 3 17)} then its value
must always be an integer between @code{3} and @code{17}. If multiple
type declarations apply to a single variable, then all the
declarations must be correct; it is as though all the types were
intersected producing a single @code{and} type specifier.

To gain maximum benefit from the compiler's type checking, you should
always declare the types of function arguments and structure slots as
precisely as possible. This often involves the use of @code{or},
@code{member}, and other list-style type specifiers. 


@node  Getting Existing Programs to Run
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsection Getting Existing Programs to Run
@cindex Existing programs, to run
@cindex Types, portability
@cindex Compatibility with other Lisps
@c     (should also have an entry in the non-ANSI-isms section)-->

Since SBCL's compiler does much more comprehensive type checking than
most Lisp compilers, SBCL may detect type errors in programs that have
been debugged using other compilers. These errors are mostly incorrect
declarations, although compile-time type errors can find actual bugs
if parts of the program have never been tested.

Some incorrect declarations can only be detected by run-time type
checking. It is very important to initially compile a program with
full type checks (high @code{safety} optimization) and then test this
safe version. After the checking version has been tested, then you can
consider weakening or eliminating type checks.  @emph{This applies
even to previously debugged programs,} because the SBCL compiler does
much more type inference than other Common Lisp compilers, so an
incorrect declaration can do more damage.

The most common problem is with variables whose constant initial value
doesn't match the type declaration. Incorrect constant initial values
will always be flagged by a compile-time type error, and they are
simple to fix once located. Consider this code fragment:

@lisp
(prog (foo)
  (declare (fixnum foo))
  (setq foo ...)
  ...)
@end lisp

Here @code{foo} is given an initial value of @code{nil}, but is
declared to be a @code{fixnum}.  Even if it is never read, the initial
value of a variable must match the declared type.  There are two ways
to fix this problem. Change the declaration

@lisp
(prog (foo)
  (declare (type (or fixnum null) foo))
  (setq foo ...)
  ...)
@end lisp

or change the initial value

@lisp
(prog ((foo 0))
  (declare (fixnum foo))
  (setq foo ...)
  ...)
@end lisp

It is generally preferable to change to a legal initial value rather
than to weaken the declaration, but sometimes it is simpler to weaken
the declaration than to try to make an initial value of the
appropriate type.

Another declaration problem occasionally encountered is incorrect
declarations on @code{defmacro} arguments. This can happen when a
function is converted into a macro. Consider this macro:

@lisp
(defmacro my-1+ (x)
  (declare (fixnum x))
  `(the fixnum (1+ ,x)))
@end lisp

Although legal and well-defined Common Lisp code, this meaning of this
definition is almost certainly not what the writer intended. For
example, this call is illegal:

@lisp
(my-1+ (+ 4 5))
@end lisp

This call is illegal because the argument to the macro is @code{(+ 4
5)}, which is a @code{list}, not a @code{fixnum}.  Because of macro
semantics, it is hardly ever useful to declare the types of macro
arguments.  If you really want to assert something about the type of
the result of evaluating a macro argument, then put a @code{the} in
the expansion:

@lisp
(defmacro my-1+ (x)
  `(the fixnum (1+ (the fixnum ,x))))
@end lisp

In this case, it would be stylistically preferable to change this
macro back to a function and declare it inline. 
@c <!--FIXME: <xref>inline-expansion, once we crib the 
@c      relevant text from the CMU CL manual.-->

Some more subtle problems are caused by incorrect declarations that
can't be detected at compile time.  Consider this code:
  
@lisp
(do ((pos 0 (position #\a string :start (1+ pos))))
  ((null pos))
  (declare (fixnum pos))
  ...)
@end lisp

Although @code{pos} is almost always a @code{fixnum}, it is @code{nil}
at the end of the loop. If this example is compiled with full type
checks (the default), then running it will signal a type error at the
end of the loop. If compiled without type checks, the program will go
into an infinite loop (or perhaps @code{position} will complain
because @code{(1+ nil)} isn't a sensible start.) Why? Because if you
compile without type checks, the compiler just quietly believes the
type declaration. Since the compiler believes that @code{pos} is
always a @code{fixnum}, it believes that @code{pos} is never
@code{nil}, so @code{(null pos)} is never true, and the loop exit test
is optimized away. Such errors are sometimes flagged by unreachable
code notes, but it is still important to initially compile and test
any system with full type checks, even if the system works fine when
compiled using other compilers.

In this case, the fix is to weaken the type declaration to @code{(or
fixnum null)} @footnote{Actually, this declaration is unnecessary in
SBCL, since it already knows that @code{position} returns a
non-negative @code{fixnum} or @code{nil}.}.

Note that there is usually little performance penalty for weakening a
declaration in this way. Any numeric operations in the body can still
assume that the variable is a @code{fixnum}, since @code{nil} is not a
legal numeric argument. Another possible fix would be to say:

@lisp
(do ((pos 0 (position #\a string :start (1+ pos))))
    ((null pos))
  (let ((pos pos))
    (declare (fixnum pos))
    ...))
@end lisp

This would be preferable in some circumstances, since it would allow a
non-standard representation to be used for the local @code{pos}
variable in the loop body.
@c <!-- FIXME: <xref>ND-variables, once we crib the text from the 
@c      CMU CL manual. -->

@node  Implementation Limitations
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsection Implementation Limitations

Ideally, the compiler would consider @emph{all} type declarations to
be assertions, so that adding type declarations to a program, no
matter how incorrect they might be, would @emph{never} cause undefined
behavior. However, the compiler is known to fall short of this goal in
two areas:

@itemize

@item
@emph{Proclaimed} constraints on argument and result types of a
function are supposed to be checked by the function. If the function
type is proclaimed before function definition, type checks are
inserted by the compiler, but the standard allows the reversed order,
in which case the compiler will trust the declaration.

@item
The compiler cannot check types of an unknown number of values; if the
number of generated values is unknown, but the number of consumed is
known, only consumed values are checked.

For example,

@lisp
(defun foo (x) 
  (the integer (bar x)))
@end lisp

causes the following compiler diagnostic to be emitted:

@example
; note: type assertion too complex to check:
;  (VALUES INTEGER &REST T).
@end example

A partial workaround is instead write:

@lisp
(defun foo (x)
  (the (values integer &optional) (bar x)))
@end lisp

@end itemize

These are important issues, but are not necessarily easy to fix, so
they may, alas, remain in the system for a while.

@node Compiler Policy
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Compiler Policy

Compiler policy is controlled by the @code{optimize} declaration,
supporting all ANSI optimization qualities (@code{debug},
@code{safety}, @code{space}, and @code{speed}).@footnote{A deprecated
extension @code{sb-ext:inhibit-warnings} is still supported, but
liable to go away at any time.}

For effects of various optimization qualities on type-safety and
debuggability see @ref{Declarations as Assertions} and @ref{Debugger
Policy Control}.

Ordinarily, when the @code{speed} quality is high, the compiler emits
notes to notify the programmer about its inability to apply various
optimizations. 

Compiler diagnostics (of any severity other than @code{error}:
@pxref{Diagnostic Severity}) can be silenced by using the
@code{sb-ext:muffle-conditions} declaration, specifying the type of
condition that is to be muffled (using an associated
@code{muffle-warning} restart). 

To muffle all compiler notes:

@lisp
(declaim (sb-ext:muffle-conditions sb-ext:compiler-note))
@end lisp

Compiler diagnostics can also be muffled in the lexical scope of a
declaration, and also lexically unmuffled by the use of the
sb-ext:unmuffle-conditions, for instance:

@lisp
(defun foo (x)
  (declare (optimize speed) (fixnum x))
  (declare (sb-ext:muffle-conditions sb-ext:compiler-note))
  (values (* x 5) ; no compiler note from this
    (locally
      (declare (sb-ext:unmuffle-conditions sb-ext:compiler-note))
      ;; this one gives a compiler note
      (* x -5))))
@end lisp

The value of @code{space} mostly influences the compiler's decision
whether to inline operations, which tend to increase the size of
programs. Use the value @code{0} with caution, since it can cause the
compiler to inline operations so indiscriminately that the net effect
is to slow the program by causing cache misses or even swapping.

@c <!-- FIXME: old CMU CL compiler policy, should perhaps be adapted
@c      _    for SBCL. (Unfortunately, the CMU CL docs are out of sync with the
@c      _    CMU CL code, so adapting this requires not only reformatting
@c      _    the documentation, but rooting out code rot.)
@c      _
@c      _<sect2 id="compiler-policy"><title>Compiler Policy</1000
@c      _  INDEX {policy}{compiler}
@c      _  INDEX compiler policy
@c      _
@c      _<para>The policy is what tells the compiler <emphasis>how</emphasis> to
@c      _compile a program. This is logically (and often textually) distinct
@c      _from the program itself. Broad control of policy is provided by the
@c      _<parameter>optimize</parameter> declaration; other declarations and variables
@c      _control more specific aspects of compilation.
@c      _
@c      _\begin{comment}
@c      _* The Optimize Declaration::
@c      _* The Optimize-Interface Declaration::
@c      _\end{comment}
@c      _
@c      _%%\node The Optimize Declaration, The Optimize-Interface Declaration, Compiler Policy, Compiler Policy
@c      _\subsection{The Optimize Declaration}
@c      _\label{optimize-declaration}
@c      _\cindex{optimize declaration}
@c      _\cpsubindex{declarations}{\code{optimize}}
@c      _
@c      _The \code{optimize} declaration recognizes six different
@c      _\var{qualities}.  The qualities are conceptually independent aspects
@c      _of program performance.  In reality, increasing one quality tends to
@c      _have adverse effects on other qualities.  The compiler compares the
@c      _relative values of qualities when it needs to make a trade-off; i.e.,
@c      _if \code{speed} is greater than \code{safety}, then improve speed at
@c      _the cost of safety.
@c      _
@c      _The default for all qualities (except \code{debug}) is \code{1}.
@c      _Whenever qualities are equal, ties are broken according to a broad
@c      _idea of what a good default environment is supposed to be.  Generally
@c      _this downplays \code{speed}, \code{compile-speed} and \code{space} in
@c      _favor of \code{safety} and \code{debug}.  Novice and casual users
@c      _should stick to the default policy.  Advanced users often want to
@c      _improve speed and memory usage at the cost of safety and
@c      _debuggability.
@c      _
@c      _If the value for a quality is \code{0} or \code{3}, then it may have a
@c      _special interpretation.  A value of \code{0} means ``totally
@c      _unimportant'', and a \code{3} means ``ultimately important.''  These
@c      _extreme optimization values enable ``heroic'' compilation strategies
@c      _that are not always desirable and sometimes self-defeating.
@c      _Specifying more than one quality as \code{3} is not desirable, since
@c      _it doesn't tell the compiler which quality is most important.
@c      _
@c      _
@c      _These are the optimization qualities:
@c      _\begin{Lentry}
@c      _
@c      _\item[\code{speed}] \cindex{speed optimization quality}How fast the
@c      _  program should is run.  \code{speed 3} enables some optimizations
@c      _  that hurt debuggability.
@c      _
@c      _\item[\code{compilation-speed}] \cindex{compilation-speed optimization
@c      _    quality}How fast the compiler should run.  Note that increasing
@c      _  this above \code{safety} weakens type checking.
@c      _
@c      _\item[\code{space}] \cindex{space optimization quality}How much space
@c      _  the compiled code should take up.  Inline expansion is mostly
@c      _  inhibited when \code{space} is greater than \code{speed}.  A value
@c      _  of \code{0} enables indiscriminate inline expansion.  Wide use of a
@c      _  \code{0} value is not recommended, as it may waste so much space
@c      _  that run time is slowed.  \xlref{inline-expansion} for a discussion
@c      _  of inline expansion.
@c      _
@c      _\item[\code{debug}] \cindex{debug optimization quality}How debuggable
@c      _  the program should be.  The quality is treated differently from the
@c      _  other qualities: each value indicates a particular level of debugger
@c      _  information; it is not compared with the other qualities.
@c      _  \xlref{debugger-policy} for more details.
@c      _
@c      _\item[\code{safety}] \cindex{safety optimization quality}How much
@c      _  error checking should be done.  If \code{speed}, \code{space} or
@c      _  \code{compilation-speed} is more important than \code{safety}, then
@c      _  type checking is weakened (\pxlref{weakened-type-checks}).  If
@c      _  \code{safety} if \code{0}, then no run time error checking is done.
@c      _  In addition to suppressing type checks, \code{0} also suppresses
@c      _  argument count checking, unbound-symbol checking and array bounds
@c      _  checks.
@c      _
@c      _\item[\code{extensions:inhibit-warnings}] \cindex{inhibit-warnings
@c      _    optimization quality}This is a CMU extension that determines how
@c      _  little (or how much) diagnostic output should be printed during
@c      _  compilation.  This quality is compared to other qualities to
@c      _  determine whether to print style notes and warnings concerning those
@c      _  qualities.  If \code{speed} is greater than \code{inhibit-warnings},
@c      _  then notes about how to improve speed will be printed, etc.  The
@c      _  default value is \code{1}, so raising the value for any standard
@c      _  quality above its default enables notes for that quality.  If
@c      _  \code{inhibit-warnings} is \code{3}, then all notes and most
@c      _  non-serious warnings are inhibited.  This is useful with
@c      _  \code{declare} to suppress warnings about unavoidable problems.
@c      _\end{Lentry}
@c      _
@c      _%%\node The Optimize-Interface Declaration,  , The Optimize Declaration, Compiler Policy
@c      _\subsection{The Optimize-Interface Declaration}
@c      _\label{optimize-interface-declaration}
@c      _\cindex{optimize-interface declaration}
@c      _\cpsubindex{declarations}{\code{optimize-interface}}
@c      _
@c      _The \code{extensions:optimize-interface} declaration is identical in
@c      _syntax to the \code{optimize} declaration, but it specifies the policy
@c      _used during compilation of code the compiler automatically generates
@c      _to check the number and type of arguments supplied to a function.  It
@c      _is useful to specify this policy separately, since even thoroughly
@c      _debugged functions are vulnerable to being passed the wrong arguments.
@c      _The \code{optimize-interface} declaration can specify that arguments
@c      _should be checked even when the general \code{optimize} policy is
@c      _unsafe.
@c      _
@c      _Note that this argument checking is the checking of user-supplied
@c      _arguments to any functions defined within the scope of the
@c      _declaration, \code{not} the checking of arguments to \llisp{}
@c      _primitives that appear in those definitions.
@c      _
@c      _The idea behind this declaration is that it allows the definition of
@c      _functions that appear fully safe to other callers, but that do no
@c      _internal error checking.  Of course, it is possible that arguments may
@c      _be invalid in ways other than having incorrect type.  Functions
@c      _compiled unsafely must still protect themselves against things like
@c      _user-supplied array indices that are out of bounds and improper lists.
@c      _See also the \kwd{context-declarations} option to
@c      _\macref{with-compilation-unit}.
@c      _
@c      _(end of section on compiler policy)
@c      _-->

@node Compiler Errors
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Compiler Errors

@menu
* Type Errors at Compile Time::  
* Errors During Macroexpansion::  
* Read Errors::                 
@end menu

@node  Type Errors at Compile Time
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsection Type Errors at Compile Time
@cindex Compile time type errors
@cindex Type checking, at compile time

If the compiler can prove at compile time that some portion of the
program cannot be executed without a type error, then it will give a
warning at compile time.

It is possible that the offending code would never actually be
executed at run-time due to some higher level consistency constraint
unknown to the compiler, so a type warning doesn't always indicate an
incorrect program.

For example, consider this code fragment:

@lisp
(defun raz (foo)
  (let ((x (case foo
              (:this 13)
              (:that 9)
              (:the-other 42))))
    (declare (fixnum x))
    (foo x)))
@end lisp

Compilation produces this warning:

@example
; in: DEFUN RAZ
;     (CASE FOO (:THIS 13) (:THAT 9) (:THE-OTHER 42))
; --> LET COND IF COND IF COND IF
; ==>
;   (COND)
;
; caught WARNING:
;   This is not a FIXNUM:
;   NIL
@end example

In this case, the warning means that if @code{foo} isn't any of
@code{:this}, @code{:that} or @code{:the-other}, then @code{x} will be
initialized to @code{nil}, which the @code{fixnum} declaration makes
illegal. The warning will go away if @code{ecase} is used instead of
@code{case}, or if @code{:the-other} is changed to @code{t}.

This sort of spurious type warning happens moderately often in the
expansion of complex macros and in inline functions. In such cases,
there may be dead code that is impossible to correctly execute. The
compiler can't always prove this code is dead (could never be
executed), so it compiles the erroneous code (which will always signal
an error if it is executed) and gives a warning.

@node  Errors During Macroexpansion
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsection Errors During Macroexpansion
@cindex Macroexpansion, errors during

The compiler handles errors that happen during macroexpansion, turning
them into compiler errors. If you want to debug the error (to debug a
macro), you can set @code{*break-on-signals*} to @code{error}. For
example, this definition:

@lisp
(defun foo (e l)
  (do ((current l (cdr current))
       ((atom current) nil))
      (when (eq (car current) e) (return current))))
@end lisp

gives this error:

@example
; in: DEFUN FOO
;     (DO ((CURRENT L (CDR CURRENT))
;        ((ATOM CURRENT) NIL))
;       (WHEN (EQ (CAR CURRENT) E) (RETURN CURRENT)))
;
; caught ERROR:
;   (in macroexpansion of (DO # #))
;   (hint: For more precise location, try *BREAK-ON-SIGNALS*.)
;   DO step variable is not a symbol: (ATOM CURRENT)
@end example


@node  Read Errors
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsection Read Errors
@cindex Read errors, compiler

SBCL's compiler does not attempt to recover from read errors when
reading a source file, but instead just reports the offending
character position and gives up on the entire source file.

@node  Open Coding and Inline Expansion
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Open Coding and Inline Expansion
@cindex Open-coding
@cindex inline expansion
@cindex static functions

Since Common Lisp forbids the redefinition of standard functions, the
compiler can have special knowledge of these standard functions
embedded in it. This special knowledge is used in various ways (open
coding, inline expansion, source transformation), but the implications
to the user are basically the same:

@itemize

@item
Attempts to redefine standard functions may be frustrated, since the
function may never be called. Although it is technically illegal to
redefine standard functions, users sometimes want to implicitly
redefine these functions when they are debugging using the
@code{trace} macro.  Special-casing of standard functions can be
inhibited using the @code{notinline} declaration, but even then some
phases of analysis such as type inferencing are applied by the
compiler.

@item
The compiler can have multiple alternate implementations of standard
functions that implement different trade-offs of speed, space and
safety.  This selection is based on the compiler policy, @ref{Compiler
Policy}.

@end itemize

When a function call is @emph{open coded}, inline code whose effect is
equivalent to the function call is substituted for that function
call. When a function call is @emph{closed coded}, it is usually left
as is, although it might be turned into a call to a different function
with different arguments. As an example, if @code{nthcdr} were to be
open coded, then

@lisp
(nthcdr 4 foobar)
@end lisp

might turn into

@lisp
(cdr (cdr (cdr (cdr foobar))))
@end lisp

or even

@lisp
(do ((i 0 (1+ i))
  (list foobar (cdr foobar)))
  ((= i 4) list))
@end lisp

If @code{nth} is closed coded, then

@lisp
(nth x l)
@end lisp

might stay the same, or turn into something like

@lisp
(car (nthcdr x l))
@end lisp

In general, open coding sacrifices space for speed, but some functions
(such as @code{car}) are so simple that they are always
open-coded. Even when not open-coded, a call to a standard function
may be transformed into a different function call (as in the last
example) or compiled as @emph{static call}. Static function call uses
a more efficient calling convention that forbids redefinition.