3 .\" man page introduction to SBCL
5 .\" SBCL, including this man page, is derived from CMU Common Lisp, of
6 .\" which it was said (ca. 1991)
7 .\" **********************************************************************
8 .\" This code was written as part of the CMU Common Lisp project at
9 .\" Carnegie Mellon University, and has been placed in the public domain.
10 .\" If you want to use this code or any part of CMU Common Lisp, please
11 .\" contact Scott Fahlman or slisp-group@cs.cmu.edu.
12 .\" **********************************************************************
13 .\" Most of SBCL, including this man page, is in the public domain. See
14 .\" COPYING in the distribution for more information.
19 SBCL -- "Steel Bank Common Lisp"
23 SBCL is a free Common Lisp programming environment. It is derived from
24 the free CMU CL programming environment. (The name is intended to
25 acknowledge the connection: steel and banking are the industries where
26 Carnegie and Mellon made the big bucks.)
30 It is free software, mostly in the public domain, but with some
31 subsystems under BSD-style licenses which allow modification and
32 reuse as long as credit is given. It is provided "as is", with no
35 For more information about license issues, see the COPYING file in
36 the distribution. For more information about history, see the
37 CREDITS file in the distribution.
41 To run SBCL, type "sbcl" at the command line with no arguments. (SBCL
42 understands command line arguments, but you probably won't need to use
43 them unless you're a fairly advanced user. If you are, you should
44 read the COMMAND LINE SYNTAX section, below.) You should see some
45 startup messages, then a prompt ("*"). Type a Lisp expression at the
46 prompt, and SBCL will read it, execute it, print any values returned,
47 give you another prompt, and wait for your next input. E.g.
52 * (funcall (lambda (x y) (list x y y)) :toy :choo)
60 Many people like to run SBCL, like other Lisp systems, as a subprocess
61 under Emacs. The Emacs "ilisp" mode provides many convenient features,
62 like command line editing, tab completion, and various kinds of
63 coupling between Common Lisp source files and the interactive SBCL
64 subprocess, but can be somewhat fragile because it tries to be so
65 clever and intimate in its interactions with the Lisp subprocess. In
66 case of ilisp problems, running SBCL in the Emacs "shell" mode can a
71 SBCL compiles Common Lisp to native code. (Even today, some 30 years
72 after the MacLisp compiler, people will tell you that Lisp is an
73 interpreted language. Ignore them.)
75 SBCL aims for but has not completely achieved compliance with the ANSI
76 standard for Common Lisp. More information about this is available in
77 the BUGS section below.
79 SBCL also includes various non-ANSI extensions.
81 Many Lispy extensions have been retained from CMU CL:
84 CMU-CL-style safe implementation of type declarations:
85 "Declarations are assertions."
88 the source level debugger (very similar to CMU CL's)
91 the profiler (now somewhat different from CMU CL's)
94 saving the state of the running SBCL process, producing a
95 "core" file which can be restarted later
98 Gray streams (a de-facto standard system of overloadable CLOS classes
99 whose instances can be used wherever ordinary ANSI streams can be used)
102 weak pointers and finalization (which have unfortunately
103 suffered from at least some code rot, so that e.g. weak hash
107 Fundamental system interface extensions are also provided:
110 calling out to C code (a.k.a. FFI, foreign function interface,
111 with very nearly the same interface as CMU CL)
114 some simple support for operations with a "scripting language"
115 flavor, e.g. reading POSIX argc and argv, or executing a
119 .SH DIFFERENCES FROM CMU CL
121 SBCL can be built from scratch using a plain vanilla ANSI Common Lisp
122 system and a C compiler, and all of its properties are specified by
123 the version of the source code that it was created from. This clean
124 bootstrappability was the immediate motivation for forking off of the
125 CMU CL development tree. A variety of implementation differences are
126 motivated by this design goal.
128 Maintenance work in SBCL since the fork has diverged somewhat from the
129 maintenance work in CMU CL. Many but not all bug fixes and
130 improvements have been shared between the two projects, and sometimes
131 the two projects disagree about what would be an improvement.
133 Most extensions supported by CMU CL are not supported in SBCL,
134 including Motif support, the Hemlock editor, search paths, the
135 low-level Unix interface, the WIRE protocol, multithreading, various
136 user-level macros and functions (e.g. LETF, ITERATE, MEMQ,
137 REQUIRED-ARGUMENT), and many others.
139 SBCL has retained some extensions from parent CMU CL. Many of the
140 retained extensions are in these categories:
143 things which might be in the new ANSI spec, e.g. safe type
144 declarations, weak pointers, finalization, foreign function
145 interface to C, and Gray streams
148 things which are universally available in Unix scripting languages,
149 e.g. RUN-PROGRAM and POSIX argv and getenv
152 hooks into the low level workings of the system which can be useful
153 for debugging, e.g. requesting that a particular function be executed
154 whenever GC occurs, or tuning compiler diagnostic output
157 unportable performance hacks, e.g. FREEZE-TYPE and PURIFY. For more
158 information about these, look at the online documentation for symbols
159 in the SB-EXT package, and look at the user manual.
162 There are also a few retained extensions which don't fall into any
163 particular category, e.g. the ability to save running Lisp images as
166 Some of the retained extensions have new names and/or different
167 options than their CMU CL counterparts. For example, the SBCL function
168 which saves a Lisp image to disk and kills the running process is
169 called SAVE-LISP-AND-DIE instead of SAVE-LISP, and SBCL's
170 SAVE-LISP-AND-DIE supports fewer keyword options than CMU CL's
173 (Why doesn't SBCL support more extensions? Why drop all those nice
174 extensions from CMU CL when the code already exists? This is a
175 frequently asked question on the mailing list. In some cases, it's a
176 design philosophy issue: arguably SBCL has done its job by supplying a
177 stable FFI, and the right design decision is to move functionality
178 derived from that, like socket support, into separate libraries,
179 distributed as separate software packages by separate maintainers. In
180 other cases it's a practical decision, hoping that focusing on a
181 smaller number of things will let us do a better job on them. This is
182 very much the case for multithreading: it's an important, valuable
183 extension, but it's not easy to get right, and especially while SBCL
184 is still working on basic ANSI compliance, difficult extensions aren't
185 likely to be a priority.)
189 SBCL is essentially a compiler-only implementation of Common Lisp. All
190 nontrivial Lisp code is compiled to native machine code before being
191 executed, even when the Lisp code is typed interactively at the
192 "interpreter" prompt.
194 SBCL inherits from CMU CL the "Python" native code compiler. (Though
195 we often avoid that name in order to avoid confusion with the
196 scripting language also called Python.) This compiler is very clever
197 about understanding the type system of Common Lisp and using it to
198 optimize code, and about producing notes to let the user know when the
199 compiler doesn't have enough type information to produce efficient
200 code. It also tries (almost always successfully) to follow the unusual
201 but very useful principle that "declarations are assertions", i.e.
202 type declarations should be checked at runtime unless the user
203 explicitly tells the system that speed is more important than safety.
205 The compiler reportedly produces pretty good code for modern CPU
206 architectures which have lots of registers, but its code for the X86
207 is marred by many extra loads and stores to stack-based temporary
208 variables. Because of this, and because of the extra levels of
209 indirection in Common Lisp relative to C, the performance of SBCL
210 isn't going to impress people who are impressed by small constant
211 factors. However, even on the X86 it tends to be faster than byte
212 interpreted languages (and can be a lot faster).
214 The compiled code uses garbage collection to automatically
215 manage memory. The garbage collector implementation varies considerably
216 from CPU to CPU. In particular, on some CPUs the GC is nearly exact,
217 while on others it's more conservative, and on some CPUs the GC
218 is generational, while on others simpler stop and copy strategies
221 For more information about the compiler, see the user manual.
225 Currently, the documentation for the system is
234 doc strings and online help built into the SBCL executable
237 .SH COMMAND LINE SYNTAX
239 Command line syntax can be considered an advanced topic; for ordinary
240 interactive use, no command line arguments should be necessary.
242 In order to understand the command line argument syntax for SBCL, it
243 is helpful to understand that the SBCL system is implemented as two
244 components, a low-level runtime environment written in C and a
245 higher-level system written in Common Lisp itself. Some command line
246 arguments are processed during the initialization of the low-level
247 runtime environment, some command line arguments are processed during
248 the initialization of the Common Lisp system, and any remaining
249 command line arguments are passed on to user code.
251 The full, unambiguous syntax for invoking SBCL at the command line is
253 .B sbcl [runtime options] --end-runtime-options [toplevel options] --end-toplevel-options [user options]
256 For convenience, the --end-runtime-options and --end-toplevel-options
257 elements can be omitted. Omitting these elements can be convenient
258 when you are running the program interactively, and you can see that
259 no ambiguities are possible with the option values you are using.
260 Omitting these elements is probably a bad idea for any batch file
261 where any of the options are under user control, since it makes it
262 impossible for SBCL to detect erroneous command line input, so that
263 erroneous command line arguments will be passed on to the user program
264 even if they was intended for the runtime system or the Lisp system.
266 Supported runtime options are
268 .B --core <corefilename>
269 Run the specified Lisp core file instead of the default. (See the FILES
270 section for the standard core, or the system documentation for
271 SB-INT:SAVE-LISP-AND-DIE for information about how to create a
272 custom core.) Note that if the Lisp core file is a user-created core
273 file, it may run a nonstandard toplevel which does not recognize the
274 standard toplevel options.
277 Suppress the printing of any banner or other informational message at
278 startup. (This makes it easier to write Lisp programs which work
279 cleanly in Unix pipelines. See also the "--noprint" and
280 "--disable-debugger" options.)
283 Print some basic information about SBCL, then exit.
286 Print SBCL's version information, then exit.
289 In the future, runtime options may be added to control behavior such
290 as lazy allocation of memory.
292 Runtime options, including any --end-runtime-options option,
293 are stripped out of the command line before the
294 Lisp toplevel logic gets a chance to see it.
296 The toplevel options supported by the standard SBCL core are
298 .B --sysinit <filename>
299 Load filename instead of the default system-wide initialization file.
300 (See the FILES section.) There is no special option to cause no
301 system-wide initialization file to be read, but on a Unix system
302 "--sysinit /dev/null" can be used to achieve the same effect.
304 .B --userinit <filename>
305 Load filename instead of the default user initialization file. (See
306 the FILES section.) There is no special option to cause no user
307 initialization file to be read, but on a Unix system "--userinit
308 /dev/null" can be used to achieve the same effect.
311 After executing any initialization file, but before starting the
312 read-eval-print loop on standard input, evaluate the command given.
313 More than one --eval option can be used, and all will be executed, in
314 the order they appear on the command line.
317 This is equivalent to --eval '(load "<filename>")'. The special
318 syntax is intended to reduce quoting headaches when invoking SBCL
322 When ordinarily the toplevel "read-eval-print loop" would be executed,
323 execute a "read-eval loop" instead, i.e. don't print a prompt and
324 don't echo results. Combined with the --noinform runtime option, this
325 makes it easier to write Lisp "scripts" which work cleanly in Unix
328 .B --disable-debugger
329 This is equivalent to --eval '(sb-ext:disable-debugger)'.
330 By default, a Common Lisp system tries to ask the programmer for help
331 when it gets in trouble (by printing a debug prompt on *DEBUG-IO*).
332 However, this is not useful behavior for a system running with no
333 programmer available, and this option tries to set up more appropriate
334 behavior for that situation. This is implemented by modifying special
335 variables: we set *DEBUG-IO* to send its output to *ERROR-OUTPUT*, and
336 to raise an error if any input is requested from it, and we set
337 *DEBUGGER-HOOK* to output a backtrace, then exit the process with a
338 failure code. Because it is implemented by modifying special variables,
339 its effects persist in .core files created by SB-EXT:SAVE-LISP-AND-DIE.
340 (If you want to undo its effects, see the SB-EXT:ENABLE-DEBUGGER
344 Regardless of the order in which --sysinit, --userinit, and --eval
345 options appear on the command line, the sysinit file, if it exists, is
346 loaded first; then the userinit file, if it exists, is loaded; then
347 any --eval commands are executed in sequence; then the read-eval-print
348 loop is started on standard input. At any step, error conditions or
349 commands such as SB-EXT:QUIT can cause execution to be terminated
350 before proceeding to subsequent steps.
352 Note that when running SBCL with the --core option, using a core file
353 created by a user call to the SB-EXT:SAVE-LISP-AND-DIE, the toplevel
354 options may be under the control of user code passed as arguments to
355 SB-EXT:SAVE-LISP-AND-DIE. For this purpose, the --end-toplevel-options
356 option itself can be considered a toplevel option, i.e. the user core,
357 at its option, may not support it.
359 In the standard SBCL startup sequence (i.e. with no user core
360 involved) toplevel options and any --end-toplevel-options option are
361 stripped out of the command line argument list before user code gets a
364 .SH SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
366 SBCL currently runs on
367 X86 (Linux, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD), Alpha (Linux, Tru64), PPC
368 (Linux) and SPARC (Linux and Solaris 2.x).
369 For information on other ongoing and possible ports, see the
370 sbcl-devel mailing list, and/or the web site.
372 SBCL requires on the order of 16Mb RAM to run on X86 systems, though
373 all but the smallest programs would be happier with 32Mb or more.
379 If this variable is set, it overrides the default directories for
380 files like "sbclrc" and "sbcl.core", so that instead of being searched
381 for in e.g. /etc/, /usr/local/etc/, /usr/lib/, and /usr/local/lib/, they
382 are searched for only in the directory named by SBCL_HOME. This is
383 intended to support users who wish to use their own version of SBCL
384 instead of the version which is currently installed as the system
390 /usr/lib/sbcl/sbcl.core and /usr/local/lib/sbcl/sbcl.core are the
391 standard locations for the standard SBCL core, unless overridden by
392 the SBCL_HOME variable.
394 /etc/sbclrc and /usr/local/etc/sbclrc are the standard locations for
395 system-wide SBCL initialization files, unless overridden by the
396 SBCL_HOME variable or the --sysinit command line option.
398 $HOME/.sbclrc is the standard location for a user's SBCL
399 initialization file, unless overridden by the --userinit
404 This section attempts to list the most serious and long-standing bugs.
405 For more detailed and current information on bugs, see the BUGS file
408 It is possible to get in deep trouble by exhausting
409 memory. To plagiarize a sadly apt description of a language not
410 renowned for the production of bulletproof software, "[The current
411 SBCL implementation of] Common Lisp makes it harder for you to shoot
412 yourself in the foot, but when you do, the entire universe explodes."
415 Like CMU CL, the SBCL system overcommits memory at startup. On typical
416 Unix-alikes like Linux and FreeBSD, this means that if the SBCL system
417 turns out to use more virtual memory than the system has available for
418 it, other processes tend to be killed randomly (!).
421 The compiler's handling of function return values unnecessarily
422 violates the "declarations are assertions" principle that it otherwise
423 adheres to. Using PROCLAIM or DECLAIM to specify the return type of a
424 function causes the compiler to believe you without checking. Thus
425 compiling a file containing
426 (DECLAIM (FTYPE (FUNCTION (T) NULL) SOMETIMES))
427 (DEFUN SOMETIMES (X) (ODDP X))
428 (DEFUN FOO (X) (IF (SOMETIMES X) 'THIS-TIME 'NOT-THIS-TIME))
429 then running (FOO 1) gives NOT-THIS-TIME, because the compiler
430 relied on the truth of the DECLAIM without checking it.
432 Some things are implemented very inefficiently.
435 Multidimensional arrays are inefficient, especially
436 multidimensional arrays of floating point numbers.
439 The DYNAMIC-EXTENT declaration isn't implemented at all, not even
440 for &REST lists or upward closures, so such constructs always allocate
441 their temporary storage from the heap, causing GC overhead.
444 CLOS isn't particularly efficient. (In part, CLOS is so dynamic
445 that it's slow for fundamental reasons, but beyond that, the
446 SBCL implementation of CLOS doesn't do some important known
450 SBCL, like most (maybe all?) implementations of Common Lisp on
451 stock hardware, has trouble
452 passing floating point numbers around efficiently, because a floating
453 point number, plus a few extra bits to identify its type,
454 is larger than a machine word. (Thus, they get "boxed" in
455 heap-allocated storage, causing GC overhead.) Within
456 a single compilation unit,
457 or when doing built-in operations like SQRT and AREF,
458 or some special operations like structure slot accesses,
459 this is avoidable: see the user manual for some
460 efficiency hints. But for general function calls across
461 the boundaries of compilation units, passing the result of
462 a floating point calculation
463 as a function argument (or returning a floating point
464 result as a function value) is a fundamentally slow operation.
467 There are still some nagging pre-ANSIisms, notably
470 CLOS (based on the PCL reference implementation) is incompletely
471 integrated into the system, so that e.g. SB-PCL::FIND-CLASS is a
472 different function than CL::FIND-CLASS. (In practice, you need to
473 be a pretty advanced user before this is a serious problem, and
474 by then you can usually work around it, but it's still distasteful.
475 It's arguably the outstanding "This should be fixed by version 1.0"
479 The ANSI-recommended idiom for creating a function which is only
480 sometimes expanded inline,
483 (DECLAIM (NOTINLINE F)),
484 doesn't do what you'd expect. (Instead, you have to declare the
485 function as SB-EXT:MAYBE-INLINE to get the desired effect.)
488 There are several nonconforming bits of type syntax. E.g. (1) The type
489 FOO is strictly equivalent to (FOO), so e.g. the type OR is treated as
490 the type (OR), i.e. the empty type. This is the way that the ancestral
491 code worked, and even though ANSI specifically forbids it, it hasn't
492 been fixed yet. (2) The symbol * is the name of a type similar to T.
493 (It's used as part of the implementation of compound types like (ARRAY
494 * 1) and (CONS * *). In a strict ANSI implementation, * would not be
495 the name of a type, but instead just a symbol which is recognized and
496 handled specially by certain type expanders.)
501 To report a bug, please send mail to the mailing lists sbcl-help or
502 sbcl-devel. You can find the complete mailing list addresses on the
503 web pages at <http://sbcl.sourceforge.net/>. (You may also find fancy
504 SourceForge bug-tracking machinery there, but don't be fooled. As of
505 2002-07-25 anyway, we don't actively monitor that machinery, and it
506 exists only because we haven't been able to figure out how to turn
509 As with any software bug report, it's most helpful if you can provide
510 enough information to reproduce the symptoms reliably, and if you say
511 clearly what the symptoms are. E.g. "There seems to be something wrong
512 with TAN of very small negative arguments. When I execute
513 (TAN LEAST-NEGATIVE-SINGLE-FLOAT) interactively on sbcl-1.2.3 on my
514 Linux 4.5 X86 box, I get an UNBOUND-VARIABLE error."
518 Various information about SBCL is available at
519 <http://sbcl.sourceforge.net/>. The mailing lists there are the
520 recommended place to look for support.
526 executable program containing some low-level runtime support and
527 a loader, used to read sbcl.core
530 dumped memory image containing most of SBCL, to be loaded by
531 the 'sbcl' executable
534 optional system-wide startup script (in an etc-ish system
535 configuration file directory)
538 optional per-user customizable startup script (in user's home directory)
542 Dozens of people have made substantial contributions to SBCL and its
543 subsystems, and to the CMU CL system on which it was based, over the
544 years. See the CREDITS file in the distribution for more information.