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26 ;;;; COMPUTE-CLASS-PRECEDENCE-LIST and friends
28 ;;; Knuth section 2.2.3 has some interesting notes on this.
30 ;;; What appears here is basically the algorithm presented there.
32 ;;; The key idea is that we use class-precedence-description (CPD) structures
33 ;;; to store the precedence information as we proceed. The CPD structure for
34 ;;; a class stores two critical pieces of information:
36 ;;; - a count of the number of "reasons" why the class can't go
37 ;;; into the class precedence list yet.
39 ;;; - a list of the "reasons" this class prevents others from
40 ;;; going in until after it
42 ;;; A "reason" is essentially a single local precedence constraint. If a
43 ;;; constraint between two classes arises more than once it generates more
44 ;;; than one reason. This makes things simpler, linear, and isn't a problem
45 ;;; as long as we make sure to keep track of each instance of a "reason".
47 ;;; This code is divided into three phases.
49 ;;; - the first phase simply generates the CPD's for each of the class
50 ;;; and its superclasses. The remainder of the code will manipulate
51 ;;; these CPDs rather than the class objects themselves. At the end
52 ;;; of this pass, the CPD-SUPERS field of a CPD is a list of the CPDs
53 ;;; of the direct superclasses of the class.
55 ;;; - the second phase folds all the local constraints into the CPD
56 ;;; structure. The CPD-COUNT of each CPD is built up, and the
57 ;;; CPD-AFTER fields are augmented to include precedence constraints
58 ;;; from the CPD-SUPERS field and from the order of classes in other
59 ;;; CPD-SUPERS fields.
61 ;;; After this phase, the CPD-AFTER field of a class includes all the
62 ;;; direct superclasses of the class plus any class that immediately
63 ;;; follows the class in the direct superclasses of another. There
64 ;;; can be duplicates in this list. The CPD-COUNT field is equal to
65 ;;; the number of times this class appears in the CPD-AFTER field of
66 ;;; all the other CPDs.
68 ;;; - In the third phase, classes are put into the precedence list one
69 ;;; at a time, with only those classes with a CPD-COUNT of 0 being
70 ;;; candidates for insertion. When a class is inserted , every CPD
71 ;;; in its CPD-AFTER field has its count decremented.
73 ;;; In the usual case, there is only one candidate for insertion at
74 ;;; any point. If there is more than one, the specified tiebreaker
75 ;;; rule is used to choose among them.
77 (defmethod compute-class-precedence-list ((root slot-class))
78 (compute-std-cpl root (class-direct-superclasses root)))
80 (defstruct (class-precedence-description
82 (:print-object (lambda (obj str)
83 (print-unreadable-object (obj str :type t)
84 (format str "~D" (cpd-count obj)))))
85 (:constructor make-cpd ())
92 (defun compute-std-cpl (class supers)
93 (cond ((null supers) ;First two branches of COND
94 (list class)) ;are implementing the single
95 ((null (cdr supers)) ;inheritance optimization.
97 (compute-std-cpl (car supers)
98 (class-direct-superclasses (car supers)))))
100 (multiple-value-bind (all-cpds nclasses)
101 (compute-std-cpl-phase-1 class supers)
102 (compute-std-cpl-phase-2 all-cpds)
103 (compute-std-cpl-phase-3 class all-cpds nclasses)))))
105 (defvar *compute-std-cpl-class->entry-table-size* 60)
107 (defun compute-std-cpl-phase-1 (class supers)
110 (table (make-hash-table :size *compute-std-cpl-class->entry-table-size*
112 (declare (fixnum nclasses))
113 (labels ((get-cpd (c)
114 (or (gethash c table)
115 (setf (gethash c table) (make-cpd))))
117 (if (forward-referenced-class-p c)
118 (cpl-forward-referenced-class-error class c)
119 (let ((cpd (get-cpd c)))
120 (unless (cpd-class cpd) ;If we have already done this
121 ;class before, we can quit.
122 (setf (cpd-class cpd) c)
125 (setf (cpd-supers cpd) (mapcar #'get-cpd supers))
126 (dolist (super supers)
127 (walk super (class-direct-superclasses super))))))))
129 (values all-cpds nclasses))))
131 (defun compute-std-cpl-phase-2 (all-cpds)
132 (dolist (cpd all-cpds)
133 (let ((supers (cpd-supers cpd)))
135 (setf (cpd-after cpd) (nconc (cpd-after cpd) supers))
136 (incf (cpd-count (car supers)) 1)
138 (t2 (cdr t1) (cdr t1)))
140 (incf (cpd-count (car t2)) 2)
141 (push (car t2) (cpd-after (car t1))))))))
143 (defun compute-std-cpl-phase-3 (class all-cpds nclasses)
144 (let ((candidates ())
148 ;; We have to bootstrap the collection of those CPD's that
149 ;; have a zero count. Once we get going, we will maintain
150 ;; this list incrementally.
151 (dolist (cpd all-cpds)
152 (when (zerop (cpd-count cpd)) (push cpd candidates)))
155 (when (null candidates)
157 ;; If there are no candidates, and enough classes have been put
158 ;; into the precedence list, then we are all done. Otherwise
159 ;; it means there is a consistency problem.
161 (return (reverse rcpl))
162 (cpl-inconsistent-error class all-cpds)))
164 ;; Try to find the next class to put in from among the candidates.
165 ;; If there is only one, its easy, otherwise we have to use the
166 ;; famous RPG tiebreaker rule. There is some hair here to avoid
167 ;; having to call DELETE on the list of candidates. I dunno if
168 ;; its worth it but what the hell.
170 (if (null (cdr candidates))
171 (prog1 (car candidates)
172 (setq candidates ()))
175 (let ((supers (class-direct-superclasses c)))
176 (if (memq (cpd-class (car candidates)) supers)
177 (return-from tie-breaker (pop candidates))
178 (do ((loc candidates (cdr loc)))
180 (let ((cpd (cadr loc)))
181 (when (memq (cpd-class cpd) supers)
182 (setf (cdr loc) (cddr loc))
183 (return-from tie-breaker cpd))))))))))
185 (push (cpd-class next-cpd) rcpl)
186 (dolist (after (cpd-after next-cpd))
187 (when (zerop (decf (cpd-count after)))
188 (push after candidates))))))
190 ;;;; support code for signalling nice error messages
192 (defun cpl-error (class format-string &rest format-args)
193 (error "While computing the class precedence list of the class ~A.~%~A"
194 (if (class-name class)
195 (format nil "named ~S" (class-name class))
197 (apply #'format nil format-string format-args)))
199 (defun cpl-forward-referenced-class-error (class forward-class)
200 (flet ((class-or-name (class)
201 (if (class-name class)
202 (format nil "named ~S" (class-name class))
204 (let ((names (mapcar #'class-or-name
205 (cdr (find-superclass-chain class forward-class)))))
207 "The class ~A is a forward referenced class.~@
209 (class-or-name forward-class)
210 (class-or-name forward-class)
211 (if (null (cdr names))
213 "a direct superclass of the class ~A"
214 (class-or-name class))
216 "reached from the class ~A by following~@
217 the direct superclass chain through: ~A~
218 ~% ending at the class ~A"
219 (class-or-name class)
221 "~{~% the class ~A,~}"
223 (car (last names))))))))
225 (defun find-superclass-chain (bottom top)
226 (labels ((walk (c chain)
228 (return-from find-superclass-chain (nreverse chain))
229 (dolist (super (class-direct-superclasses c))
230 (walk super (cons super chain))))))
231 (walk bottom (list bottom))))
233 (defun cpl-inconsistent-error (class all-cpds)
234 (let ((reasons (find-cycle-reasons all-cpds)))
236 "It is not possible to compute the class precedence list because~@
237 there ~A in the local precedence relations.~@
238 ~A because:~{~% ~A~}."
239 (if (cdr reasons) "are circularities" "is a circularity")
240 (if (cdr reasons) "These arise" "This arises")
241 (format-cycle-reasons (apply #'append reasons)))))
243 (defun format-cycle-reasons (reasons)
244 (flet ((class-or-name (cpd)
245 (let ((class (cpd-class cpd)))
246 (if (class-name class)
247 (format nil "named ~S" (class-name class))
251 (ecase (caddr reason)
255 "The class ~A appears in the supers of the class ~A."
256 (class-or-name (cadr reason))
257 (class-or-name (car reason))))
261 "The class ~A follows the class ~A in the supers of the class ~A."
262 (class-or-name (cadr reason))
263 (class-or-name (car reason))
264 (class-or-name (cadddr reason))))))
267 (defun find-cycle-reasons (all-cpds)
268 (let ((been-here ()) ; list of classes we have visited
271 (labels ((chase (path)
272 (if (memq (car path) (cdr path))
273 (record-cycle (memq (car path) (nreverse path)))
274 (unless (memq (car path) been-here)
275 (push (car path) been-here)
276 (dolist (after (cpd-after (car path)))
277 (chase (cons after path))))))
278 (record-cycle (cycle)
281 (t2 (cdr t1) (cdr t1)))
285 (if (memq c2 (cpd-supers c1))
286 (push (list c1 c2 :super) reasons)
287 (dolist (cpd all-cpds)
288 (when (memq c2 (memq c1 (cpd-supers cpd)))
290 (push (list c1 c2 :in-supers cpd) reasons)))))))
291 (push (nreverse reasons) cycle-reasons))))
293 (dolist (cpd all-cpds)
294 (unless (zerop (cpd-count cpd))