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26 ;;;; COMPUTE-CLASS-PRECEDENCE-LIST and friends
28 ;;; Knuth section 2.2.3 has some interesting notes on this.
30 ;;; What appears here is basically the algorithm presented there.
32 ;;; The key idea is that we use class-precedence-description (CPD) structures
33 ;;; to store the precedence information as we proceed. The CPD structure for
34 ;;; a class stores two critical pieces of information:
36 ;;; - a count of the number of "reasons" why the class can't go
37 ;;; into the class precedence list yet.
39 ;;; - a list of the "reasons" this class prevents others from
40 ;;; going in until after it
42 ;;; A "reason" is essentially a single local precedence constraint. If a
43 ;;; constraint between two classes arises more than once it generates more
44 ;;; than one reason. This makes things simpler, linear, and isn't a problem
45 ;;; as long as we make sure to keep track of each instance of a "reason".
47 ;;; This code is divided into three phases.
49 ;;; - the first phase simply generates the CPD's for each of the class
50 ;;; and its superclasses. The remainder of the code will manipulate
51 ;;; these CPDs rather than the class objects themselves. At the end
52 ;;; of this pass, the CPD-SUPERS field of a CPD is a list of the CPDs
53 ;;; of the direct superclasses of the class.
55 ;;; - the second phase folds all the local constraints into the CPD
56 ;;; structure. The CPD-COUNT of each CPD is built up, and the
57 ;;; CPD-AFTER fields are augmented to include precedence constraints
58 ;;; from the CPD-SUPERS field and from the order of classes in other
59 ;;; CPD-SUPERS fields.
61 ;;; After this phase, the CPD-AFTER field of a class includes all the
62 ;;; direct superclasses of the class plus any class that immediately
63 ;;; follows the class in the direct superclasses of another. There
64 ;;; can be duplicates in this list. The CPD-COUNT field is equal to
65 ;;; the number of times this class appears in the CPD-AFTER field of
66 ;;; all the other CPDs.
68 ;;; - In the third phase, classes are put into the precedence list one
69 ;;; at a time, with only those classes with a CPD-COUNT of 0 being
70 ;;; candidates for insertion. When a class is inserted , every CPD
71 ;;; in its CPD-AFTER field has its count decremented.
73 ;;; In the usual case, there is only one candidate for insertion at
74 ;;; any point. If there is more than one, the specified tiebreaker
75 ;;; rule is used to choose among them.
77 (defmethod compute-class-precedence-list ((root class))
78 (compute-std-cpl root (class-direct-superclasses root)))
80 (defstruct (class-precedence-description
82 (:print-object (lambda (obj str)
83 (print-unreadable-object (obj str :type t)
84 (format str "~D" (cpd-count obj)))))
85 (:constructor make-cpd ())
92 (defun compute-std-cpl (class supers)
94 ;; the first two branches of this COND are implementing an
95 ;; optimization for single inheritance.
97 (not (forward-referenced-class-p class)))
101 (not (forward-referenced-class-p (car supers))))
103 (compute-std-cpl (car supers)
104 (class-direct-superclasses (car supers)))))
106 (multiple-value-bind (all-cpds nclasses)
107 (compute-std-cpl-phase-1 class supers)
108 (compute-std-cpl-phase-2 all-cpds)
109 (compute-std-cpl-phase-3 class all-cpds nclasses)))))
111 (defvar *compute-std-cpl-class->entry-table-size* 60)
113 (defun compute-std-cpl-phase-1 (class supers)
116 (table (make-hash-table :size *compute-std-cpl-class->entry-table-size*
118 (declare (fixnum nclasses))
119 (labels ((get-cpd (c)
120 (or (gethash c table)
121 (setf (gethash c table) (make-cpd))))
123 (declare (special *allow-forward-referenced-classes-in-cpl-p*))
124 (if (and (forward-referenced-class-p c)
125 (not *allow-forward-referenced-classes-in-cpl-p*))
126 (cpl-forward-referenced-class-error class c)
127 (let ((cpd (get-cpd c)))
128 (unless (cpd-class cpd) ;If we have already done this
129 ;class before, we can quit.
130 (setf (cpd-class cpd) c)
133 (setf (cpd-supers cpd) (mapcar #'get-cpd supers))
134 (dolist (super supers)
135 (walk super (class-direct-superclasses super))))))))
137 (values all-cpds nclasses))))
139 (defun compute-std-cpl-phase-2 (all-cpds)
140 (dolist (cpd all-cpds)
141 (let ((supers (cpd-supers cpd)))
143 (setf (cpd-after cpd) (nconc (cpd-after cpd) supers))
144 (incf (cpd-count (car supers)) 1)
146 (t2 (cdr t1) (cdr t1)))
148 (incf (cpd-count (car t2)) 2)
149 (push (car t2) (cpd-after (car t1))))))))
151 (defun compute-std-cpl-phase-3 (class all-cpds nclasses)
152 (let ((candidates ())
156 ;; We have to bootstrap the collection of those CPD's that
157 ;; have a zero count. Once we get going, we will maintain
158 ;; this list incrementally.
159 (dolist (cpd all-cpds)
160 (when (zerop (cpd-count cpd)) (push cpd candidates)))
163 (when (null candidates)
165 ;; If there are no candidates, and enough classes have been put
166 ;; into the precedence list, then we are all done. Otherwise
167 ;; it means there is a consistency problem.
169 (return (reverse rcpl))
170 (cpl-inconsistent-error class all-cpds)))
172 ;; Try to find the next class to put in from among the candidates.
173 ;; If there is only one, its easy, otherwise we have to use the
174 ;; famous RPG tiebreaker rule. There is some hair here to avoid
175 ;; having to call DELETE on the list of candidates. I dunno if
176 ;; its worth it but what the hell.
178 (if (null (cdr candidates))
179 (prog1 (car candidates)
180 (setq candidates ()))
183 (let ((supers (class-direct-superclasses c)))
184 (if (memq (cpd-class (car candidates)) supers)
185 (return-from tie-breaker (pop candidates))
186 (do ((loc candidates (cdr loc)))
188 (let ((cpd (cadr loc)))
189 (when (memq (cpd-class cpd) supers)
190 (setf (cdr loc) (cddr loc))
191 (return-from tie-breaker cpd))))))))))
193 (push (cpd-class next-cpd) rcpl)
194 (dolist (after (cpd-after next-cpd))
195 (when (zerop (decf (cpd-count after)))
196 (push after candidates))))))
198 ;;;; support code for signalling nice error messages
200 (defun cpl-error (class format-string &rest format-args)
201 (error "While computing the class precedence list of the class ~A.~%~A"
202 (if (class-name class)
203 (format nil "named ~S" (class-name class))
205 (apply #'format nil format-string format-args)))
207 (defun cpl-forward-referenced-class-error (class forward-class)
208 (flet ((class-or-name (class)
209 (if (class-name class)
210 (format nil "named ~S" (class-name class))
212 (if (eq class forward-class)
214 "The class ~A is a forward referenced class."
215 (class-or-name class))
216 (let ((names (mapcar #'class-or-name
217 (cdr (find-superclass-chain class forward-class)))))
219 "The class ~A is a forward referenced class.~@
221 (class-or-name forward-class)
222 (class-or-name forward-class)
223 (if (null (cdr names))
225 "a direct superclass of the class ~A"
226 (class-or-name class))
228 "reached from the class ~A by following~@
229 the direct superclass chain through: ~A~
230 ~% ending at the class ~A"
231 (class-or-name class)
233 "~{~% the class ~A,~}"
235 (car (last names)))))))))
237 (defun find-superclass-chain (bottom top)
238 (labels ((walk (c chain)
240 (return-from find-superclass-chain (nreverse chain))
241 (dolist (super (class-direct-superclasses c))
242 (walk super (cons super chain))))))
243 (walk bottom (list bottom))))
245 (defun cpl-inconsistent-error (class all-cpds)
246 (let ((reasons (find-cycle-reasons all-cpds)))
248 "It is not possible to compute the class precedence list because~@
249 there ~A in the local precedence relations.~@
250 ~A because:~{~% ~A~}."
251 (if (cdr reasons) "are circularities" "is a circularity")
252 (if (cdr reasons) "These arise" "This arises")
253 (format-cycle-reasons (apply #'append reasons)))))
255 (defun format-cycle-reasons (reasons)
256 (flet ((class-or-name (cpd)
257 (let ((class (cpd-class cpd)))
258 (if (class-name class)
259 (format nil "named ~S" (class-name class))
263 (ecase (caddr reason)
267 "The class ~A appears in the supers of the class ~A."
268 (class-or-name (cadr reason))
269 (class-or-name (car reason))))
273 "The class ~A follows the class ~A in the supers of the class ~A."
274 (class-or-name (cadr reason))
275 (class-or-name (car reason))
276 (class-or-name (cadddr reason))))))
279 (defun find-cycle-reasons (all-cpds)
280 (let ((been-here ()) ; list of classes we have visited
283 (labels ((chase (path)
284 (if (memq (car path) (cdr path))
285 (record-cycle (memq (car path) (nreverse path)))
286 (unless (memq (car path) been-here)
287 (push (car path) been-here)
288 (dolist (after (cpd-after (car path)))
289 (chase (cons after path))))))
290 (record-cycle (cycle)
293 (t2 (cdr t1) (cdr t1)))
297 (if (memq c2 (cpd-supers c1))
298 (push (list c1 c2 :super) reasons)
299 (dolist (cpd all-cpds)
300 (when (memq c2 (memq c1 (cpd-supers cpd)))
302 (push (list c1 c2 :in-supers cpd) reasons)))))))
303 (push (nreverse reasons) cycle-reasons))))
305 (dolist (cpd all-cpds)
306 (unless (zerop (cpd-count cpd))