1.0.6.36: ALLOW-WITH-INTERRUPTS and interrupt safe WITH-MUTEX &co
[sbcl.git] / src / code / fd-stream.lisp
index ae79940..50665f7 100644 (file)
   "List of available buffers. Each buffer is an sap pointing to
   bytes-per-buffer of memory.")
 
+#!+sb-thread
+(defvar *available-buffers-mutex* (sb!thread:make-mutex
+                                   :name "lock for *AVAILABLE-BUFFERS*")
+  #!+sb-doc
+  "Mutex for access to *AVAILABLE-BUFFERS*.")
+
+(defmacro with-available-buffers-lock ((&optional) &body body)
+  ;; CALL-WITH-SYSTEM-MUTEX because streams are low-level enough to be
+  ;; async signal safe, and in particular a C-c that brings up the
+  ;; debugger while holding the mutex would lose badly
+  `(sb!thread::call-with-system-mutex (lambda () ,@body)
+                                    *available-buffers-mutex*))
+
 (defconstant bytes-per-buffer (* 4 1024)
   #!+sb-doc
   "Number of bytes per buffer.")
 ;;; Return the next available buffer, creating one if necessary.
 #!-sb-fluid (declaim (inline next-available-buffer))
 (defun next-available-buffer ()
-  (if *available-buffers*
-      (pop *available-buffers*)
-      (allocate-system-memory bytes-per-buffer)))
+  (with-available-buffers-lock ()
+    (if *available-buffers*
+        (pop *available-buffers*)
+        (allocate-system-memory bytes-per-buffer))))
 \f
-;;;; the FILE-STREAM structure
-
-(defstruct (file-stream
-           (:constructor %make-fd-stream)
-           ;; KLUDGE: in an ideal world, maybe we'd rewrite
-           ;; everything to use FILE-STREAM rather than simply
-           ;; providing this hack for compatibility with the old
-           ;; code.  However, CVS doesn't deal terribly well with
-           ;; file renaming, so for now we use this
-           ;; backward-compatibility feature.
-           (:conc-name fd-stream-)
-           (:predicate fd-stream-p)
-           (:include ansi-stream
-                     (misc #'fd-stream-misc-routine))
-           (:copier nil))
+;;;; the FD-STREAM structure
+
+(defstruct (fd-stream
+            (:constructor %make-fd-stream)
+            (:conc-name fd-stream-)
+            (:predicate fd-stream-p)
+            (:include ansi-stream
+                      (misc #'fd-stream-misc-routine))
+            (:copier nil))
 
   ;; the name of this stream
   (name nil)
   ;; the backup file namestring for the old file, for :IF-EXISTS
   ;; :RENAME or :RENAME-AND-DELETE.
   (original nil :type (or simple-string null))
-  (delete-original nil)              ; for :if-exists :rename-and-delete
+  (delete-original nil)       ; for :if-exists :rename-and-delete
   ;;; the number of bytes per element
   (element-size 1 :type index)
   ;; the type of element being transfered
-  (element-type 'base-char)   
+  (element-type 'base-char)
   ;; the Unix file descriptor
-  (fd -1 :type fixnum)       
+  (fd -1 :type fixnum)
   ;; controls when the output buffer is flushed
   (buffering :full :type (member :full :line :none))
-  ;; character position (if known)
-  (char-pos nil :type (or index null))
+  ;; controls whether the input buffer must be cleared before output
+  ;; (must be done for files, not for sockets, pipes and other data
+  ;; sources where input and output aren't related).  non-NIL means
+  ;; don't clear input buffer.
+  (dual-channel-p nil)
+  ;; character position if known -- this may run into bignums, but
+  ;; we probably should flip it into null then for efficiency's sake...
+  (char-pos nil :type (or unsigned-byte null))
   ;; T if input is waiting on FD. :EOF if we hit EOF.
   (listen nil :type (member nil t :eof))
 
   ;; output flushed, but not written due to non-blocking io?
   (output-later nil)
   (handler nil)
-  ;; timeout specified for this stream, or NIL if none
-  (timeout nil :type (or index null))
+  ;; timeout specified for this stream as seconds or NIL if none
+  (timeout nil :type (or single-float null))
   ;; pathname of the file this stream is opened to (returned by PATHNAME)
-  (pathname nil :type (or pathname null)))
-(def!method print-object ((fd-stream file-stream) stream)
+  (pathname nil :type (or pathname null))
+  (external-format :default)
+  (output-bytes #'ill-out :type function))
+(def!method print-object ((fd-stream fd-stream) stream)
   (declare (type stream stream))
   (print-unreadable-object (fd-stream stream :type t :identity t)
     (format stream "for ~S" (fd-stream-name fd-stream))))
 ;;; common idioms for reporting low-level stream and file problems
 (defun simple-stream-perror (note-format stream errno)
   (error 'simple-stream-error
-        :stream stream
-        :format-control "~@<~?: ~2I~_~A~:>"
-        :format-arguments (list note-format (list stream) (strerror errno))))
+         :stream stream
+         :format-control "~@<~?: ~2I~_~A~:>"
+         :format-arguments (list note-format (list stream) (strerror errno))))
 (defun simple-file-perror (note-format pathname errno)
   (error 'simple-file-error
-        :pathname pathname
-        :format-control "~@<~?: ~2I~_~A~:>"
-        :format-arguments
-        (list note-format (list pathname) (strerror errno))))
+         :pathname pathname
+         :format-control "~@<~?: ~2I~_~A~:>"
+         :format-arguments
+         (list note-format (list pathname) (strerror errno))))
+
+(defun stream-decoding-error (stream octets)
+  (error 'stream-decoding-error
+         :stream stream
+         ;; FIXME: dunno how to get at OCTETS currently, or even if
+         ;; that's the right thing to report.
+         :octets octets))
+(defun stream-encoding-error (stream code)
+  (error 'stream-encoding-error
+         :stream stream
+         :code code))
+
+(defun c-string-encoding-error (external-format code)
+  (error 'c-string-encoding-error
+         :external-format external-format
+         :code code))
+
+(defun c-string-decoding-error (external-format octets)
+  (error 'c-string-decoding-error
+         :external-format external-format
+         :octets octets))
+
+;;; Returning true goes into end of file handling, false will enter another
+;;; round of input buffer filling followed by re-entering character decode.
+(defun stream-decoding-error-and-handle (stream octet-count)
+  (restart-case
+      (stream-decoding-error stream
+                             (let ((sap (fd-stream-ibuf-sap stream))
+                                   (head (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream)))
+                               (loop for i from 0 below octet-count
+                                     collect (sap-ref-8 sap (+ head i)))))
+    (attempt-resync ()
+      :report (lambda (stream)
+                (format stream
+                        "~@<Attempt to resync the stream at a character ~
+                        character boundary and continue.~@:>"))
+      (fd-stream-resync stream)
+      nil)
+    (force-end-of-file ()
+      :report (lambda (stream)
+                (format stream "~@<Force an end of file.~@:>"))
+      t)))
+
+(defun stream-encoding-error-and-handle (stream code)
+  (restart-case
+      (stream-encoding-error stream code)
+    (output-nothing ()
+      :report (lambda (stream)
+                (format stream "~@<Skip output of this character.~@:>"))
+      (throw 'output-nothing nil))))
+
+(defun external-format-encoding-error (stream code)
+  (if (streamp stream)
+      (stream-encoding-error-and-handle stream code)
+      (c-string-encoding-error stream code)))
+
+(defun external-format-decoding-error (stream octet-count)
+  (if (streamp stream)
+      (stream-decoding-error stream octet-count)
+      (c-string-decoding-error stream octet-count)))
 
 ;;; This is called by the server when we can write to the given file
 ;;; descriptor. Attempt to write the data again. If it worked, remove
 ;;; is wrong.
 (defun frob-output-later (stream)
   (let* ((stuff (pop (fd-stream-output-later stream)))
-        (base (car stuff))
-        (start (cadr stuff))
-        (end (caddr stuff))
-        (reuse-sap (cadddr stuff))
-        (length (- end start)))
+         (base (car stuff))
+         (start (cadr stuff))
+         (end (caddr stuff))
+         (reuse-sap (cadddr stuff))
+         (length (- end start)))
     (declare (type index start end length))
     (multiple-value-bind (count errno)
-       (sb!unix:unix-write (fd-stream-fd stream)
-                           base
-                           start
-                           length)
+        (sb!unix:unix-write (fd-stream-fd stream)
+                            base
+                            start
+                            length)
       (cond ((not count)
-            (if (= errno sb!unix:ewouldblock)
-                (error "Write would have blocked, but SERVER told us to go.")
-                (simple-stream-perror "couldn't write to ~S" stream errno)))
-           ((eql count length) ; Hot damn, it worked.
-            (when reuse-sap
-              (push base *available-buffers*)))
-           ((not (null count)) ; sorta worked..
-            (push (list base
-                        (the index (+ start count))
-                        end)
-                  (fd-stream-output-later stream))))))
+             #!+win32
+             (simple-stream-perror "couldn't write to ~S" stream errno)
+             #!-win32
+             (if (= errno sb!unix:ewouldblock)
+                 (error "Write would have blocked, but SERVER told us to go.")
+                 (simple-stream-perror "couldn't write to ~S" stream errno)))
+            ((eql count length) ; Hot damn, it worked.
+             (when reuse-sap
+               (with-available-buffers-lock ()
+                 (push base *available-buffers*))))
+            ((not (null count)) ; sorta worked..
+             (push (list base
+                         (the index (+ start count))
+                         end)
+                   (fd-stream-output-later stream))))))
   (unless (fd-stream-output-later stream)
-    (sb!sys:remove-fd-handler (fd-stream-handler stream))
+    (remove-fd-handler (fd-stream-handler stream))
     (setf (fd-stream-handler stream) nil)))
 
 ;;; Arange to output the string when we can write on the file descriptor.
 (defun output-later (stream base start end reuse-sap)
   (cond ((null (fd-stream-output-later stream))
-        (setf (fd-stream-output-later stream)
-              (list (list base start end reuse-sap)))
-        (setf (fd-stream-handler stream)
-              (sb!sys:add-fd-handler (fd-stream-fd stream)
-                                     :output
-                                     (lambda (fd)
-                                       (declare (ignore fd))
-                                       (frob-output-later stream)))))
-       (t
-        (nconc (fd-stream-output-later stream)
-               (list (list base start end reuse-sap)))))
+         (setf (fd-stream-output-later stream)
+               (list (list base start end reuse-sap)))
+         (setf (fd-stream-handler stream)
+               (add-fd-handler (fd-stream-fd stream)
+                                      :output
+                                      (lambda (fd)
+                                        (declare (ignore fd))
+                                        (frob-output-later stream)))))
+        (t
+         (nconc (fd-stream-output-later stream)
+                (list (list base start end reuse-sap)))))
   (when reuse-sap
     (let ((new-buffer (next-available-buffer)))
       (setf (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream) new-buffer)
 ;;; writes. If so, just queue this one. Otherwise, try to write it. If
 ;;; this would block, queue it.
 (defun frob-output (stream base start end reuse-sap)
-  (declare (type file-stream stream)
-          (type (or system-area-pointer (simple-array * (*))) base)
-          (type index start end))
+  (declare (type fd-stream stream)
+           (type (or system-area-pointer (simple-array * (*))) base)
+           (type index start end))
   (if (not (null (fd-stream-output-later stream))) ; something buffered.
-      (progn
-       (output-later stream base start end reuse-sap)
-       ;; ### check to see whether any of this noise can be output
-       )
+      (output-later stream base start end reuse-sap)
+      ;; ### check to see whether any of this noise can be output
       (let ((length (- end start)))
-       (multiple-value-bind (count errno)
-           (sb!unix:unix-write (fd-stream-fd stream) base start length)
-         (cond ((not count)
-                (if (= errno sb!unix:ewouldblock)
-                    (output-later stream base start end reuse-sap)
-                    (simple-stream-perror "couldn't write to ~S"
-                                          stream
-                                          errno)))
-               ((not (eql count length))
-                (output-later stream base (the index (+ start count))
-                              end reuse-sap)))))))
+        (multiple-value-bind (count errno)
+            (sb!unix:unix-write (fd-stream-fd stream) base start length)
+          (cond ((not count)
+                 #!+win32
+                 (simple-stream-perror "Couldn't write to ~S" stream errno)
+                 #!-win32
+                 (if (= errno sb!unix:ewouldblock)
+                     (output-later stream base start end reuse-sap)
+                     (simple-stream-perror "Couldn't write to ~S"
+                                           stream errno)))
+                ((not (eql count length))
+                 (output-later stream base (the index (+ start count))
+                               end reuse-sap)))))))
 
 ;;; Flush any data in the output buffer.
 (defun flush-output-buffer (stream)
       (frob-output stream (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream) 0 length t)
       (setf (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream) 0))))
 
+(defun fd-stream-output-finished-p (stream)
+  (and (zerop (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream))
+       (not (fd-stream-output-later stream))))
+
+(defmacro output-wrapper/variable-width ((stream size buffering restart)
+                                         &body body)
+  (let ((stream-var (gensym)))
+    `(let ((,stream-var ,stream)
+           (size ,size))
+      ,(unless (eq (car buffering) :none)
+         `(when (< (fd-stream-obuf-length ,stream-var)
+                   (+ (fd-stream-obuf-tail ,stream-var)
+                       size))
+            (flush-output-buffer ,stream-var)))
+      ,(unless (eq (car buffering) :none)
+         `(when (and (not (fd-stream-dual-channel-p ,stream-var))
+                     (> (fd-stream-ibuf-tail ,stream-var)
+                        (fd-stream-ibuf-head ,stream-var)))
+            (file-position ,stream-var (file-position ,stream-var))))
+      ,(if restart
+           `(catch 'output-nothing
+              ,@body
+              (incf (fd-stream-obuf-tail ,stream-var) size))
+           `(progn
+             ,@body
+             (incf (fd-stream-obuf-tail ,stream-var) size)))
+      ,(ecase (car buffering)
+         (:none
+          `(flush-output-buffer ,stream-var))
+         (:line
+          `(when (eq (char-code byte) (char-code #\Newline))
+             (flush-output-buffer ,stream-var)))
+         (:full))
+    (values))))
+
+(defmacro output-wrapper ((stream size buffering restart) &body body)
+  (let ((stream-var (gensym)))
+    `(let ((,stream-var ,stream))
+      ,(unless (eq (car buffering) :none)
+         `(when (< (fd-stream-obuf-length ,stream-var)
+                   (+ (fd-stream-obuf-tail ,stream-var)
+                       ,size))
+            (flush-output-buffer ,stream-var)))
+      ,(unless (eq (car buffering) :none)
+         `(when (and (not (fd-stream-dual-channel-p ,stream-var))
+                     (> (fd-stream-ibuf-tail ,stream-var)
+                        (fd-stream-ibuf-head ,stream-var)))
+            (file-position ,stream-var (file-position ,stream-var))))
+      ,(if restart
+           `(catch 'output-nothing
+              ,@body
+              (incf (fd-stream-obuf-tail ,stream-var) ,size))
+           `(progn
+             ,@body
+             (incf (fd-stream-obuf-tail ,stream-var) ,size)))
+      ,(ecase (car buffering)
+         (:none
+          `(flush-output-buffer ,stream-var))
+         (:line
+          `(when (eq (char-code byte) (char-code #\Newline))
+             (flush-output-buffer ,stream-var)))
+         (:full))
+    (values))))
+
+(defmacro def-output-routines/variable-width
+    ((name-fmt size restart external-format &rest bufferings)
+     &body body)
+  (declare (optimize (speed 1)))
+  (cons 'progn
+        (mapcar
+            (lambda (buffering)
+              (let ((function
+                     (intern (format nil name-fmt (string (car buffering))))))
+                `(progn
+                   (defun ,function (stream byte)
+                     (declare (ignorable byte))
+                     (output-wrapper/variable-width (stream ,size ,buffering ,restart)
+                       ,@body))
+                   (setf *output-routines*
+                         (nconc *output-routines*
+                                ',(mapcar
+                                   (lambda (type)
+                                     (list type
+                                           (car buffering)
+                                           function
+                                           1
+                                           external-format))
+                                   (cdr buffering)))))))
+            bufferings)))
+
 ;;; Define output routines that output numbers SIZE bytes long for the
 ;;; given bufferings. Use BODY to do the actual output.
-(defmacro def-output-routines ((name-fmt size &rest bufferings) &body body)
+(defmacro def-output-routines ((name-fmt size restart &rest bufferings)
+                               &body body)
   (declare (optimize (speed 1)))
   (cons 'progn
-       (mapcar
-           (lambda (buffering)
-             (let ((function
-                    (intern (let ((*print-case* :upcase))
-                              (format nil name-fmt (car buffering))))))
-               `(progn
-                  (defun ,function (stream byte)
-                    ,(unless (eq (car buffering) :none)
-                       `(when (< (fd-stream-obuf-length stream)
-                                 (+ (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream)
-                                    ,size))
-                          (flush-output-buffer stream)))
-                    ,@body
-                    (incf (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream) ,size)
-                    ,(ecase (car buffering)
-                       (:none
-                        `(flush-output-buffer stream))
-                       (:line
-                        `(when (eq (char-code byte) (char-code #\Newline))
-                           (flush-output-buffer stream)))
-                       (:full
-                        ))
-                    (values))
-                  (setf *output-routines*
-                        (nconc *output-routines*
-                               ',(mapcar
-                                  (lambda (type)
-                                    (list type
-                                          (car buffering)
-                                          function
-                                          size))
-                                  (cdr buffering)))))))
-           bufferings)))
-
+        (mapcar
+            (lambda (buffering)
+              (let ((function
+                     (intern (format nil name-fmt (string (car buffering))))))
+                `(progn
+                   (defun ,function (stream byte)
+                     (output-wrapper (stream ,size ,buffering ,restart)
+                       ,@body))
+                   (setf *output-routines*
+                         (nconc *output-routines*
+                                ',(mapcar
+                                   (lambda (type)
+                                     (list type
+                                           (car buffering)
+                                           function
+                                           size
+                                           nil))
+                                   (cdr buffering)))))))
+            bufferings)))
+
+;;; FIXME: is this used anywhere any more?
 (def-output-routines ("OUTPUT-CHAR-~A-BUFFERED"
-                     1
-                     (:none character)
-                     (:line character)
-                     (:full character))
-  (if (and (base-char-p byte) (char= byte #\Newline))
+                      1
+                      t
+                      (:none character)
+                      (:line character)
+                      (:full character))
+  (if (char= byte #\Newline)
       (setf (fd-stream-char-pos stream) 0)
       (incf (fd-stream-char-pos stream)))
   (setf (sap-ref-8 (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream) (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream))
-       (char-code byte)))
+        (char-code byte)))
 
 (def-output-routines ("OUTPUT-UNSIGNED-BYTE-~A-BUFFERED"
-                     1
-                     (:none (unsigned-byte 8))
-                     (:full (unsigned-byte 8)))
+                      1
+                      nil
+                      (:none (unsigned-byte 8))
+                      (:full (unsigned-byte 8)))
   (setf (sap-ref-8 (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream) (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream))
-       byte))
+        byte))
 
 (def-output-routines ("OUTPUT-SIGNED-BYTE-~A-BUFFERED"
-                     1
-                     (:none (signed-byte 8))
-                     (:full (signed-byte 8)))
+                      1
+                      nil
+                      (:none (signed-byte 8))
+                      (:full (signed-byte 8)))
   (setf (signed-sap-ref-8 (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream)
-                         (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream))
-       byte))
+                          (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream))
+        byte))
 
 (def-output-routines ("OUTPUT-UNSIGNED-SHORT-~A-BUFFERED"
-                     2
-                     (:none (unsigned-byte 16))
-                     (:full (unsigned-byte 16)))
+                      2
+                      nil
+                      (:none (unsigned-byte 16))
+                      (:full (unsigned-byte 16)))
   (setf (sap-ref-16 (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream) (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream))
-       byte))
+        byte))
 
 (def-output-routines ("OUTPUT-SIGNED-SHORT-~A-BUFFERED"
-                     2
-                     (:none (signed-byte 16))
-                     (:full (signed-byte 16)))
+                      2
+                      nil
+                      (:none (signed-byte 16))
+                      (:full (signed-byte 16)))
   (setf (signed-sap-ref-16 (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream)
-                          (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream))
-       byte))
+                           (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream))
+        byte))
 
 (def-output-routines ("OUTPUT-UNSIGNED-LONG-~A-BUFFERED"
-                     4
-                     (:none (unsigned-byte 32))
-                     (:full (unsigned-byte 32)))
+                      4
+                      nil
+                      (:none (unsigned-byte 32))
+                      (:full (unsigned-byte 32)))
   (setf (sap-ref-32 (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream) (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream))
-       byte))
+        byte))
 
 (def-output-routines ("OUTPUT-SIGNED-LONG-~A-BUFFERED"
-                     4
-                     (:none (signed-byte 32))
-                     (:full (signed-byte 32)))
+                      4
+                      nil
+                      (:none (signed-byte 32))
+                      (:full (signed-byte 32)))
   (setf (signed-sap-ref-32 (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream)
-                          (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream))
-       byte))
+                           (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream))
+        byte))
+
+#+#.(cl:if (cl:= sb!vm:n-word-bits 64) '(and) '(or))
+(progn
+  (def-output-routines ("OUTPUT-UNSIGNED-LONG-LONG-~A-BUFFERED"
+                        8
+                        nil
+                        (:none (unsigned-byte 64))
+                        (:full (unsigned-byte 64)))
+    (setf (sap-ref-64 (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream) (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream))
+          byte))
+  (def-output-routines ("OUTPUT-SIGNED-LONG-LONG-~A-BUFFERED"
+                        8
+                        nil
+                        (:none (signed-byte 64))
+                        (:full (signed-byte 64)))
+    (setf (signed-sap-ref-64 (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream)
+                             (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream))
+          byte)))
 
 ;;; Do the actual output. If there is space to buffer the string,
 ;;; buffer it. If the string would normally fit in the buffer, but
   "Output THING to FD-STREAM. THING can be any kind of vector or a SAP. If
   THING is a SAP, END must be supplied (as length won't work)."
   (let ((start (or start 0))
-       (end (or end (length (the (simple-array * (*)) thing)))))
+        (end (or end (length (the (simple-array * (*)) thing)))))
     (declare (type index start end))
+    (when (and (not (fd-stream-dual-channel-p fd-stream))
+               (> (fd-stream-ibuf-tail fd-stream)
+                  (fd-stream-ibuf-head fd-stream)))
+      (file-position fd-stream (file-position fd-stream)))
     (let* ((len (fd-stream-obuf-length fd-stream))
-          (tail (fd-stream-obuf-tail fd-stream))
-          (space (- len tail))
-          (bytes (- end start))
-          (newtail (+ tail bytes)))
+           (tail (fd-stream-obuf-tail fd-stream))
+           (space (- len tail))
+           (bytes (- end start))
+           (newtail (+ tail bytes)))
       (cond ((minusp bytes) ; error case
-            (error ":END before :START!"))
-           ((zerop bytes)) ; easy case
-           ((<= bytes space)
-            (if (system-area-pointer-p thing)
-                (system-area-copy thing
-                                  (* start sb!vm:n-byte-bits)
-                                  (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream)
-                                  (* tail sb!vm:n-byte-bits)
-                                  (* bytes sb!vm:n-byte-bits))
-                ;; FIXME: There should be some type checking somewhere to
-                ;; verify that THING here is a vector, not just <not a SAP>.
-                (copy-to-system-area thing
-                                     (+ (* start sb!vm:n-byte-bits)
-                                        (* sb!vm:vector-data-offset
-                                           sb!vm:n-word-bits))
-                                     (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream)
-                                     (* tail sb!vm:n-byte-bits)
-                                     (* bytes sb!vm:n-byte-bits)))
-            (setf (fd-stream-obuf-tail fd-stream) newtail))
-           ((<= bytes len)
-            (flush-output-buffer fd-stream)
-            (if (system-area-pointer-p thing)
-                (system-area-copy thing
-                                  (* start sb!vm:n-byte-bits)
-                                  (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream)
-                                  0
-                                  (* bytes sb!vm:n-byte-bits))
-                ;; FIXME: There should be some type checking somewhere to
-                ;; verify that THING here is a vector, not just <not a SAP>.
-                (copy-to-system-area thing
-                                     (+ (* start sb!vm:n-byte-bits)
-                                        (* sb!vm:vector-data-offset
-                                           sb!vm:n-word-bits))
-                                     (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream)
-                                     0
-                                     (* bytes sb!vm:n-byte-bits)))
-            (setf (fd-stream-obuf-tail fd-stream) bytes))
-           (t
-            (flush-output-buffer fd-stream)
-            (frob-output fd-stream thing start end nil))))))
+             (error ":END before :START!"))
+            ((zerop bytes)) ; easy case
+            ((<= bytes space)
+             (if (system-area-pointer-p thing)
+                 (system-area-ub8-copy thing start
+                                       (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream)
+                                       tail
+                                       bytes)
+                 ;; FIXME: There should be some type checking somewhere to
+                 ;; verify that THING here is a vector, not just <not a SAP>.
+                 (copy-ub8-to-system-area thing start
+                                          (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream)
+                                          tail
+                                          bytes))
+             (setf (fd-stream-obuf-tail fd-stream) newtail))
+            ((<= bytes len)
+             (flush-output-buffer fd-stream)
+             (if (system-area-pointer-p thing)
+                 (system-area-ub8-copy thing
+                                       start
+                                       (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream)
+                                       0
+                                       bytes)
+                 ;; FIXME: There should be some type checking somewhere to
+                 ;; verify that THING here is a vector, not just <not a SAP>.
+                 (copy-ub8-to-system-area thing
+                                          start
+                                          (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream)
+                                          0
+                                          bytes))
+             (setf (fd-stream-obuf-tail fd-stream) bytes))
+            (t
+             (flush-output-buffer fd-stream)
+             (frob-output fd-stream thing start end nil))))))
 
 ;;; the routine to use to output a string. If the stream is
 ;;; unbuffered, slam the string down the file descriptor, otherwise
 ;;; use OUTPUT-RAW-BYTES to buffer the string. Update charpos by
 ;;; checking to see where the last newline was.
-;;;
-;;; Note: some bozos (the FASL dumper) call write-string with things
-;;; other than strings. Therefore, we must make sure we have a string
-;;; before calling POSITION on it.
-;;; KLUDGE: It would be better to fix the bozos instead of trying to
-;;; cover for them here. -- WHN 20000203
 (defun fd-sout (stream thing start end)
+  (declare (type fd-stream stream) (type string thing))
   (let ((start (or start 0))
-       (end (or end (length (the vector thing)))))
+        (end (or end (length (the vector thing)))))
     (declare (fixnum start end))
-    (if (stringp thing)
-       (let ((last-newline (and (find #\newline (the simple-string thing)
-                                      :start start :end end)
-                                ;; FIXME why do we need both calls?
-                                ;; Is find faster forwards than
-                                ;; position is backwards?
-                                (position #\newline (the simple-string thing)
-                                          :from-end t
-                                          :start start
-                                          :end end))))
-         (ecase (fd-stream-buffering stream)
-           (:full
-            (output-raw-bytes stream thing start end))
-           (:line
-            (output-raw-bytes stream thing start end)
-            (when last-newline
-              (flush-output-buffer stream)))
-           (:none
-            (frob-output stream thing start end nil)))
-         (if last-newline
-             (setf (fd-stream-char-pos stream)
-                   (- end last-newline 1))
-             (incf (fd-stream-char-pos stream)
-                   (- end start))))
-       (ecase (fd-stream-buffering stream)
-         ((:line :full)
-          (output-raw-bytes stream thing start end))
-         (:none
-          (frob-output stream thing start end nil))))))
+    (let ((last-newline
+           (string-dispatch (simple-base-string
+                             #!+sb-unicode
+                             (simple-array character (*))
+                             string)
+               thing
+             (position #\newline thing :from-end t
+                       :start start :end end))))
+      (if (and (typep thing 'base-string)
+               (eq (fd-stream-external-format stream) :latin-1))
+          (ecase (fd-stream-buffering stream)
+            (:full
+             (output-raw-bytes stream thing start end))
+            (:line
+             (output-raw-bytes stream thing start end)
+             (when last-newline
+               (flush-output-buffer stream)))
+            (:none
+             (frob-output stream thing start end nil)))
+          (ecase (fd-stream-buffering stream)
+            (:full (funcall (fd-stream-output-bytes stream)
+                            stream thing nil start end))
+            (:line (funcall (fd-stream-output-bytes stream)
+                            stream thing last-newline start end))
+            (:none (funcall (fd-stream-output-bytes stream)
+                            stream thing t start end))))
+      (if last-newline
+          (setf (fd-stream-char-pos stream) (- end last-newline 1))
+          (incf (fd-stream-char-pos stream) (- end start))))))
+
+(defvar *external-formats* ()
+  #!+sb-doc
+  "List of all available external formats. Each element is a list of the
+  element-type, string input function name, character input function name,
+  and string output function name.")
+
+(defun get-external-format (external-format)
+  (dolist (entry *external-formats*)
+    (when (member external-format (first entry))
+      (return entry))))
+
+(defun get-external-format-function (external-format index)
+  (let ((entry (get-external-format external-format)))
+    (when entry (nth index entry))))
 
 ;;; Find an output routine to use given the type and buffering. Return
 ;;; as multiple values the routine, the real type transfered, and the
 ;;; number of bytes per element.
-(defun pick-output-routine (type buffering)
+(defun pick-output-routine (type buffering &optional external-format)
+  (when (subtypep type 'character)
+    (let ((entry (get-external-format external-format)))
+      (when entry
+        (return-from pick-output-routine
+          (values (symbol-function (nth (ecase buffering
+                                          (:none 4)
+                                          (:line 5)
+                                          (:full 6))
+                                        entry))
+                  'character
+                  1
+                  (symbol-function (fourth entry))
+                  (first (first entry)))))))
   (dolist (entry *output-routines*)
-    (when (and (subtypep type (car entry))
-              (eq buffering (cadr entry)))
-      (return (values (symbol-function (caddr entry))
-                     (car entry)
-                     (cadddr entry))))))
+    (when (and (subtypep type (first entry))
+               (eq buffering (second entry))
+               (or (not (fifth entry))
+                   (eq external-format (fifth entry))))
+      (return-from pick-output-routine
+        (values (symbol-function (third entry))
+                (first entry)
+                (fourth entry)))))
+  ;; KLUDGE: dealing with the buffering here leads to excessive code
+  ;; explosion.
+  ;;
+  ;; KLUDGE: also see comments in PICK-INPUT-ROUTINE
+  (loop for i from 40 by 8 to 1024 ; ARB (KLUDGE)
+        if (subtypep type `(unsigned-byte ,i))
+        do (return-from pick-output-routine
+             (values
+              (ecase buffering
+                (:none
+                 (lambda (stream byte)
+                   (output-wrapper (stream (/ i 8) (:none) nil)
+                     (loop for j from 0 below (/ i 8)
+                           do (setf (sap-ref-8
+                                     (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream)
+                                     (+ j (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream)))
+                                    (ldb (byte 8 (- i 8 (* j 8))) byte))))))
+                (:full
+                 (lambda (stream byte)
+                   (output-wrapper (stream (/ i 8) (:full) nil)
+                     (loop for j from 0 below (/ i 8)
+                           do (setf (sap-ref-8
+                                     (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream)
+                                     (+ j (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream)))
+                                    (ldb (byte 8 (- i 8 (* j 8))) byte)))))))
+              `(unsigned-byte ,i)
+              (/ i 8))))
+  (loop for i from 40 by 8 to 1024 ; ARB (KLUDGE)
+        if (subtypep type `(signed-byte ,i))
+        do (return-from pick-output-routine
+             (values
+              (ecase buffering
+                (:none
+                 (lambda (stream byte)
+                   (output-wrapper (stream (/ i 8) (:none) nil)
+                     (loop for j from 0 below (/ i 8)
+                           do (setf (sap-ref-8
+                                     (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream)
+                                     (+ j (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream)))
+                                    (ldb (byte 8 (- i 8 (* j 8))) byte))))))
+                (:full
+                 (lambda (stream byte)
+                   (output-wrapper (stream (/ i 8) (:full) nil)
+                     (loop for j from 0 below (/ i 8)
+                           do (setf (sap-ref-8
+                                     (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream)
+                                     (+ j (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream)))
+                                    (ldb (byte 8 (- i 8 (* j 8))) byte)))))))
+              `(signed-byte ,i)
+              (/ i 8)))))
 \f
 ;;;; input routines and related noise
 
 ;;; per element.
 (defvar *input-routines* ())
 
-;;; Fill the input buffer, and return the first character. Throw to
-;;; EOF-INPUT-CATCHER if the eof was reached. Drop into SYSTEM:SERVER
-;;; if necessary.
-(defun frob-input (stream)
+;;; Return whether a primitive partial read operation on STREAM's FD
+;;; would (probably) block.  Signal a `simple-stream-error' if the
+;;; system call implementing this operation fails.
+;;;
+;;; It is "may" instead of "would" because "would" is not quite
+;;; correct on win32.  However, none of the places that use it require
+;;; further assurance than "may" versus "will definitely not".
+(defun sysread-may-block-p (stream)
+  #+win32
+  ;; This answers T at EOF on win32, I think.
+  (not (sb!win32:fd-listen (fd-stream-fd stream)))
+  #-win32
+  (sb!unix:with-restarted-syscall (count errno)
+    (sb!alien:with-alien ((read-fds (sb!alien:struct sb!unix:fd-set)))
+      (sb!unix:fd-zero read-fds)
+      (sb!unix:fd-set (fd-stream-fd stream) read-fds)
+      (sb!unix:unix-fast-select (1+ (fd-stream-fd stream))
+                                (sb!alien:addr read-fds)
+                                nil nil 0 0))
+    (case count
+      ((1) nil)
+      ((0) t)
+      (otherwise
+       (simple-stream-perror "couldn't check whether ~S is readable"
+                             stream
+                             errno)))))
+
+;;; If the read would block wait (using SERVE-EVENT) till input is available,
+;;; then fill the input buffer, and return the number of bytes read. Throws
+;;; to EOF-INPUT-CATCHER if the eof was reached.
+(defun refill-buffer/fd (stream)
   (let ((fd (fd-stream-fd stream))
-       (ibuf-sap (fd-stream-ibuf-sap stream))
-       (buflen (fd-stream-ibuf-length stream))
-       (head (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream))
-       (tail (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream)))
-    (declare (type index head tail))
-    (unless (zerop head)
-      (cond ((eql head tail)
-            (setf head 0)
-            (setf tail 0)
-            (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream) 0)
-            (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream) 0))
-           (t
-            (decf tail head)
-            (system-area-copy ibuf-sap (* head sb!vm:n-byte-bits)
-                              ibuf-sap 0 (* tail sb!vm:n-byte-bits))
-            (setf head 0)
-            (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream) 0)
-            (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream) tail))))
-    (setf (fd-stream-listen stream) nil)
-    (multiple-value-bind (count errno)
-       ;; FIXME: Judging from compiler warnings, this WITH-ALIEN form expands
-       ;; into something which uses the not-yet-defined type
-       ;;   (SB!ALIEN-INTERNALS:ALIEN (* (SB!ALIEN:STRUCT SB!UNIX:FD-SET))).
-       ;; This is probably inefficient and unsafe and generally bad, so
-       ;; try to find some way to make that type known before
-       ;; this is compiled.
-       (sb!alien:with-alien ((read-fds (sb!alien:struct sb!unix:fd-set)))
-         (sb!unix:fd-zero read-fds)
-         (sb!unix:fd-set fd read-fds)
-         (sb!unix:unix-fast-select (1+ fd)
-                                   (sb!alien:addr read-fds)
-                                   nil
-                                   nil
-                                   0
-                                   0))
-      (case count
-       (1)
-       (0
-        (unless (sb!sys:wait-until-fd-usable
-                 fd :input (fd-stream-timeout stream))
-          (error 'io-timeout :stream stream :direction :read)))
-       (t
-        (simple-stream-perror "couldn't check whether ~S is readable"
-                              stream
-                              errno))))
-    (multiple-value-bind (count errno)
-       (sb!unix:unix-read fd
-                          (sb!sys:int-sap (+ (sb!sys:sap-int ibuf-sap) tail))
-                          (- buflen tail))
-      (cond ((null count)
-            (if (eql errno sb!unix:ewouldblock)
-                (progn
-                  (unless (sb!sys:wait-until-fd-usable
-                           fd :input (fd-stream-timeout stream))
-                    (error 'io-timeout :stream stream :direction :read))
-                  (frob-input stream))
-                (simple-stream-perror "couldn't read from ~S" stream errno)))
-           ((zerop count)
-            (setf (fd-stream-listen stream) :eof)
-            (/show0 "THROWing EOF-INPUT-CATCHER")
-            (throw 'eof-input-catcher nil))
-           (t
-            (incf (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream) count))))))
-                       
+        (errno 0)
+        (count 0))
+    (tagbody
+       ;; Check for blocking input before touching the stream, as if
+       ;; we happen to wait we are liable to be interrupted, and the
+       ;; interrupt handler may use the same stream.
+       (if (sysread-may-block-p stream)
+           (go :wait-for-input)
+           (go :main))
+       ;; These (:CLOSED-FLAME and :READ-ERROR) tags are here so what
+       ;; we can signal errors outside the WITHOUT-INTERRUPTS.
+     :closed-flame
+       (closed-flame stream)
+     :read-error
+       (simple-stream-perror "couldn't read from ~S" stream errno)
+     :wait-for-input
+       ;; This tag is here so we can unwind outside the WITHOUT-INTERRUPTS
+       ;; to wait for input if read tells us EWOULDBLOCK.
+       (unless (wait-until-fd-usable fd :input (fd-stream-timeout stream))
+         (signal-timeout 'io-timeout :stream stream :direction :read
+                         :seconds (fd-stream-timeout stream)))
+     :main
+       ;; Since the read should not block, we'll disable the
+       ;; interrupts here, so that we don't accidentally unwind and
+       ;; leave the stream in an inconsistent state.
+       (without-interrupts
+         (let ((ibuf-sap (fd-stream-ibuf-sap stream))
+               (buflen (fd-stream-ibuf-length stream))
+               (head (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream))
+               (tail (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream)))
+           (declare (type index head tail))
+           ;; Check the SAP: if it is null, then someone has closed
+           ;; the stream from underneath us. This is not ment to fix
+           ;; multithreaded races, but to deal with interrupt handlers
+           ;; closing the stream.
+           (unless ibuf-sap
+             (go :closed-flame))
+           (unless (zerop head)
+             (cond ((eql head tail)
+                    (setf head 0
+                          tail 0
+                          (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream) 0
+                          (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream) 0))
+                   (t
+                    (decf tail head)
+                    (system-area-ub8-copy ibuf-sap head
+                                          ibuf-sap 0 tail)
+                    (setf head 0
+                          (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream) 0
+                          (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream) tail))))
+           (setf (fd-stream-listen stream) nil)
+           (setf (values count errno)
+                 (sb!unix:unix-read fd (int-sap (+ (sap-int ibuf-sap) tail))
+                                    (- buflen tail)))
+           (cond ((null count)
+                  #!+win32
+                  (go :read-error)
+                  #!-win32
+                  (if (eql errno sb!unix:ewouldblock)
+                      (go :wait-for-input)
+                      (go :read-error)))
+                 ((zerop count)
+                  (setf (fd-stream-listen stream) :eof)
+                  (/show0 "THROWing EOF-INPUT-CATCHER")
+                  (throw 'eof-input-catcher nil))
+                 (t
+                  ;; Success!
+                  (incf (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream) count))))))
+    count))
+
 ;;; Make sure there are at least BYTES number of bytes in the input
-;;; buffer. Keep calling FROB-INPUT until that condition is met.
+;;; buffer. Keep calling REFILL-BUFFER/FD until that condition is met.
 (defmacro input-at-least (stream bytes)
   (let ((stream-var (gensym))
-       (bytes-var (gensym)))
+        (bytes-var (gensym)))
     `(let ((,stream-var ,stream)
-          (,bytes-var ,bytes))
+           (,bytes-var ,bytes))
        (loop
-        (when (>= (- (fd-stream-ibuf-tail ,stream-var)
-                     (fd-stream-ibuf-head ,stream-var))
-                  ,bytes-var)
-          (return))
-        (frob-input ,stream-var)))))
+         (when (>= (- (fd-stream-ibuf-tail ,stream-var)
+                      (fd-stream-ibuf-head ,stream-var))
+                   ,bytes-var)
+           (return))
+         (refill-buffer/fd ,stream-var)))))
+
+(defmacro input-wrapper/variable-width ((stream bytes eof-error eof-value)
+                                        &body read-forms)
+  (let ((stream-var (gensym))
+        (retry-var (gensym))
+        (element-var (gensym)))
+    `(let ((,stream-var ,stream)
+           (size nil))
+       (if (fd-stream-unread ,stream-var)
+           (prog1
+               (fd-stream-unread ,stream-var)
+             (setf (fd-stream-unread ,stream-var) nil)
+             (setf (fd-stream-listen ,stream-var) nil))
+           (let ((,element-var nil)
+                 (decode-break-reason nil))
+             (do ((,retry-var t))
+                 ((not ,retry-var))
+               (unless
+                   (catch 'eof-input-catcher
+                     (setf decode-break-reason
+                           (block decode-break-reason
+                             (input-at-least ,stream-var 1)
+                             (let* ((byte (sap-ref-8 (fd-stream-ibuf-sap
+                                                      ,stream-var)
+                                                     (fd-stream-ibuf-head
+                                                      ,stream-var))))
+                               (declare (ignorable byte))
+                               (setq size ,bytes)
+                               (input-at-least ,stream-var size)
+                               (setq ,element-var (locally ,@read-forms))
+                               (setq ,retry-var nil))
+                             nil))
+                     (when decode-break-reason
+                       (stream-decoding-error-and-handle stream
+                                                         decode-break-reason))
+                     t)
+                 (let ((octet-count (- (fd-stream-ibuf-tail ,stream-var)
+                                      (fd-stream-ibuf-head ,stream-var))))
+                   (when (or (zerop octet-count)
+                             (and (not ,element-var)
+                                  (not decode-break-reason)
+                                  (stream-decoding-error-and-handle
+                                   stream octet-count)))
+                     (setq ,retry-var nil)))))
+             (cond (,element-var
+                    (incf (fd-stream-ibuf-head ,stream-var) size)
+                    ,element-var)
+                   (t
+                    (eof-or-lose ,stream-var ,eof-error ,eof-value))))))))
 
 ;;; a macro to wrap around all input routines to handle EOF-ERROR noise
 (defmacro input-wrapper ((stream bytes eof-error eof-value) &body read-forms)
   (let ((stream-var (gensym))
-       (element-var (gensym)))
+        (element-var (gensym)))
     `(let ((,stream-var ,stream))
        (if (fd-stream-unread ,stream-var)
-          (prog1
-              (fd-stream-unread ,stream-var)
-            (setf (fd-stream-unread ,stream-var) nil)
-            (setf (fd-stream-listen ,stream-var) nil))
-          (let ((,element-var
-                 (catch 'eof-input-catcher
-                   (input-at-least ,stream-var ,bytes)
-                   ,@read-forms)))
-            (cond (,element-var
-                   (incf (fd-stream-ibuf-head ,stream-var) ,bytes)
-                   ,element-var)
-                  (t
-                   (eof-or-lose ,stream-var ,eof-error ,eof-value))))))))
+           (prog1
+               (fd-stream-unread ,stream-var)
+             (setf (fd-stream-unread ,stream-var) nil)
+             (setf (fd-stream-listen ,stream-var) nil))
+           (let ((,element-var
+                  (catch 'eof-input-catcher
+                    (input-at-least ,stream-var ,bytes)
+                    (locally ,@read-forms))))
+             (cond (,element-var
+                    (incf (fd-stream-ibuf-head ,stream-var) ,bytes)
+                    ,element-var)
+                   (t
+                    (eof-or-lose ,stream-var ,eof-error ,eof-value))))))))
+
+(defmacro def-input-routine/variable-width (name
+                                            (type external-format size sap head)
+                                            &rest body)
+  `(progn
+     (defun ,name (stream eof-error eof-value)
+       (input-wrapper/variable-width (stream ,size eof-error eof-value)
+         (let ((,sap (fd-stream-ibuf-sap stream))
+               (,head (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream)))
+           ,@body)))
+     (setf *input-routines*
+           (nconc *input-routines*
+                  (list (list ',type ',name 1 ',external-format))))))
 
 (defmacro def-input-routine (name
-                            (type size sap head)
-                            &rest body)
+                             (type size sap head)
+                             &rest body)
   `(progn
      (defun ,name (stream eof-error eof-value)
        (input-wrapper (stream ,size eof-error eof-value)
-        (let ((,sap (fd-stream-ibuf-sap stream))
-              (,head (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream)))
-          ,@body)))
+         (let ((,sap (fd-stream-ibuf-sap stream))
+               (,head (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream)))
+           ,@body)))
      (setf *input-routines*
-          (nconc *input-routines*
-                 (list (list ',type ',name ',size))))))
+           (nconc *input-routines*
+                  (list (list ',type ',name ',size nil))))))
 
 ;;; STREAM-IN routine for reading a string char
 (def-input-routine input-character
-                  (character 1 sap head)
+                   (character 1 sap head)
   (code-char (sap-ref-8 sap head)))
 
 ;;; STREAM-IN routine for reading an unsigned 8 bit number
 (def-input-routine input-unsigned-8bit-byte
-                  ((unsigned-byte 8) 1 sap head)
+                   ((unsigned-byte 8) 1 sap head)
   (sap-ref-8 sap head))
 
 ;;; STREAM-IN routine for reading a signed 8 bit number
 (def-input-routine input-signed-8bit-number
-                  ((signed-byte 8) 1 sap head)
+                   ((signed-byte 8) 1 sap head)
   (signed-sap-ref-8 sap head))
 
 ;;; STREAM-IN routine for reading an unsigned 16 bit number
 (def-input-routine input-unsigned-16bit-byte
-                  ((unsigned-byte 16) 2 sap head)
+                   ((unsigned-byte 16) 2 sap head)
   (sap-ref-16 sap head))
 
 ;;; STREAM-IN routine for reading a signed 16 bit number
 (def-input-routine input-signed-16bit-byte
-                  ((signed-byte 16) 2 sap head)
+                   ((signed-byte 16) 2 sap head)
   (signed-sap-ref-16 sap head))
 
 ;;; STREAM-IN routine for reading a unsigned 32 bit number
 (def-input-routine input-unsigned-32bit-byte
-                  ((unsigned-byte 32) 4 sap head)
+                   ((unsigned-byte 32) 4 sap head)
   (sap-ref-32 sap head))
 
 ;;; STREAM-IN routine for reading a signed 32 bit number
 (def-input-routine input-signed-32bit-byte
-                  ((signed-byte 32) 4 sap head)
+                   ((signed-byte 32) 4 sap head)
   (signed-sap-ref-32 sap head))
 
+#+#.(cl:if (cl:= sb!vm:n-word-bits 64) '(and) '(or))
+(progn
+  (def-input-routine input-unsigned-64bit-byte
+      ((unsigned-byte 64) 8 sap head)
+    (sap-ref-64 sap head))
+  (def-input-routine input-signed-64bit-byte
+      ((signed-byte 64) 8 sap head)
+    (signed-sap-ref-64 sap head)))
+
 ;;; Find an input routine to use given the type. Return as multiple
 ;;; values the routine, the real type transfered, and the number of
-;;; bytes per element.
-(defun pick-input-routine (type)
+;;; bytes per element (and for character types string input routine).
+(defun pick-input-routine (type &optional external-format)
+  (when (subtypep type 'character)
+    (dolist (entry *external-formats*)
+      (when (member external-format (first entry))
+        (return-from pick-input-routine
+          (values (symbol-function (third entry))
+                  'character
+                  1
+                  (symbol-function (second entry))
+                  (first (first entry)))))))
   (dolist (entry *input-routines*)
-    (when (subtypep type (car entry))
-      (return (values (symbol-function (cadr entry))
-                     (car entry)
-                     (caddr entry))))))
+    (when (and (subtypep type (first entry))
+               (or (not (fourth entry))
+                   (eq external-format (fourth entry))))
+      (return-from pick-input-routine
+        (values (symbol-function (second entry))
+                (first entry)
+                (third entry)))))
+  ;; FIXME: let's do it the hard way, then (but ignore things like
+  ;; endianness, efficiency, and the necessary coupling between these
+  ;; and the output routines).  -- CSR, 2004-02-09
+  (loop for i from 40 by 8 to 1024 ; ARB (well, KLUDGE really)
+        if (subtypep type `(unsigned-byte ,i))
+        do (return-from pick-input-routine
+             (values
+              (lambda (stream eof-error eof-value)
+                (input-wrapper (stream (/ i 8) eof-error eof-value)
+                  (let ((sap (fd-stream-ibuf-sap stream))
+                        (head (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream)))
+                    (loop for j from 0 below (/ i 8)
+                          with result = 0
+                          do (setf result
+                                   (+ (* 256 result)
+                                      (sap-ref-8 sap (+ head j))))
+                          finally (return result)))))
+              `(unsigned-byte ,i)
+              (/ i 8))))
+  (loop for i from 40 by 8 to 1024 ; ARB (well, KLUDGE really)
+        if (subtypep type `(signed-byte ,i))
+        do (return-from pick-input-routine
+             (values
+              (lambda (stream eof-error eof-value)
+                (input-wrapper (stream (/ i 8) eof-error eof-value)
+                  (let ((sap (fd-stream-ibuf-sap stream))
+                        (head (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream)))
+                    (loop for j from 0 below (/ i 8)
+                          with result = 0
+                          do (setf result
+                                   (+ (* 256 result)
+                                      (sap-ref-8 sap (+ head j))))
+                          finally (return (if (logbitp (1- i) result)
+                                              (dpb result (byte i 0) -1)
+                                              result))))))
+              `(signed-byte ,i)
+              (/ i 8)))))
 
 ;;; Return a string constructed from SAP, START, and END.
 (defun string-from-sap (sap start end)
   (declare (type index start end))
   (let* ((length (- end start))
-        (string (make-string length)))
-    (copy-from-system-area sap (* start sb!vm:n-byte-bits)
-                          string (* sb!vm:vector-data-offset
-                                    sb!vm:n-word-bits)
-                          (* length sb!vm:n-byte-bits))
+         (string (make-string length)))
+    (copy-ub8-from-system-area sap start
+                               string 0
+                               length)
     string))
 
 ;;; the N-BIN method for FD-STREAMs
 ;;; Note that this blocks in UNIX-READ. It is generally used where
 ;;; there is a definite amount of reading to be done, so blocking
 ;;; isn't too problematical.
-(defun fd-stream-read-n-bytes (stream buffer start requested eof-error-p)
-  (declare (type file-stream stream))
-  (declare (type index start requested))
-  (do ((total-copied 0))
+(defun fd-stream-read-n-bytes (stream buffer start requested eof-error-p
+                               &aux (total-copied 0))
+  (declare (type fd-stream stream))
+  (declare (type index start requested total-copied))
+  (let ((unread (fd-stream-unread stream)))
+    (when unread
+      ;; AVERs designed to fail when we have more complicated
+      ;; character representations.
+      (aver (typep unread 'base-char))
+      (aver (= (fd-stream-element-size stream) 1))
+      ;; KLUDGE: this is a slightly-unrolled-and-inlined version of
+      ;; %BYTE-BLT
+      (etypecase buffer
+        (system-area-pointer
+         (setf (sap-ref-8 buffer start) (char-code unread)))
+        ((simple-unboxed-array (*))
+         (setf (aref buffer start) unread)))
+      (setf (fd-stream-unread stream) nil)
+      (setf (fd-stream-listen stream) nil)
+      (incf total-copied)))
+  (do ()
       (nil)
-    (declare (type index total-copied))
     (let* ((remaining-request (- requested total-copied))
-          (head (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream))
-          (tail (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream))
-          (available (- tail head))
-          (n-this-copy (min remaining-request available))
-          (this-start (+ start total-copied))
-          (this-end (+ this-start n-this-copy))
-          (sap (fd-stream-ibuf-sap stream)))
+           (head (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream))
+           (tail (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream))
+           (available (- tail head))
+           (n-this-copy (min remaining-request available))
+           (this-start (+ start total-copied))
+           (this-end (+ this-start n-this-copy))
+           (sap (fd-stream-ibuf-sap stream)))
       (declare (type index remaining-request head tail available))
       (declare (type index n-this-copy))
-      ;; Copy data from stream buffer into user's buffer. 
+      ;; Copy data from stream buffer into user's buffer.
       (%byte-blt sap head buffer this-start this-end)
       (incf (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream) n-this-copy)
       (incf total-copied n-this-copy)
       ;; Maybe we need to refill the stream buffer.
       (cond (;; If there were enough data in the stream buffer, we're done.
-            (= total-copied requested)
-            (return total-copied))
-           (;; If EOF, we're done in another way.
-            (zerop (refill-fd-stream-buffer stream))
-            (if eof-error-p
-                (error 'end-of-file :stream stream)
-                (return total-copied)))
-           ;; Otherwise we refilled the stream buffer, so fall
-           ;; through into another pass of the loop.
-           ))))
-
-;;; Try to refill the stream buffer. Return the number of bytes read.
-;;; (For EOF, the return value will be zero, otherwise positive.)
-(defun refill-fd-stream-buffer (stream)
-  ;; We don't have any logic to preserve leftover bytes in the buffer,
-  ;; so we should only be called when the buffer is empty.
-  (aver (= (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream) (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream)))
-  (multiple-value-bind (count err)
-      (sb!unix:unix-read (fd-stream-fd stream)
-                        (fd-stream-ibuf-sap stream)
-                        (fd-stream-ibuf-length stream))
-    (declare (type (or index null) count))
-    (when (null count)
-      (simple-stream-perror "couldn't read from ~S" stream err))
-    (setf (fd-stream-listen stream) nil
-         (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream) 0
-         (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream) count)
-    count))
+             (= total-copied requested)
+             (return total-copied))
+            (;; If EOF, we're done in another way.
+             (null (catch 'eof-input-catcher (refill-buffer/fd stream)))
+             (if eof-error-p
+                 (error 'end-of-file :stream stream)
+                 (return total-copied)))
+            ;; Otherwise we refilled the stream buffer, so fall
+            ;; through into another pass of the loop.
+            ))))
+
+(defun fd-stream-resync (stream)
+  (dolist (entry *external-formats*)
+    (when (member (fd-stream-external-format stream) (first entry))
+      (return-from fd-stream-resync
+        (funcall (symbol-function (eighth entry)) stream)))))
+
+(defun get-fd-stream-character-sizer (stream)
+  (dolist (entry *external-formats*)
+    (when (member (fd-stream-external-format stream) (first entry))
+      (return-from get-fd-stream-character-sizer (ninth entry)))))
+
+(defun fd-stream-character-size (stream char)
+  (let ((sizer (get-fd-stream-character-sizer stream)))
+    (when sizer (funcall sizer char))))
+
+(defun fd-stream-string-size (stream string)
+  (let ((sizer (get-fd-stream-character-sizer stream)))
+    (when sizer
+      (loop for char across string summing (funcall sizer char)))))
+
+(defun find-external-format (external-format)
+  (when external-format
+    (find external-format *external-formats* :test #'member :key #'car)))
+
+(defun variable-width-external-format-p (ef-entry)
+  (when (eighth ef-entry) t))
+
+(defun bytes-for-char-fun (ef-entry)
+  (if ef-entry (symbol-function (ninth ef-entry)) (constantly 1)))
+
+;;; FIXME: OAOOM here vrt. *EXTERNAL-FORMAT-FUNCTIONS* in fd-stream.lisp
+(defmacro define-external-format (external-format size output-restart
+                                  out-expr in-expr)
+  (let* ((name (first external-format))
+         (out-function (symbolicate "OUTPUT-BYTES/" name))
+         (format (format nil "OUTPUT-CHAR-~A-~~A-BUFFERED" (string name)))
+         (in-function (symbolicate "FD-STREAM-READ-N-CHARACTERS/" name))
+         (in-char-function (symbolicate "INPUT-CHAR/" name))
+         (size-function (symbolicate "BYTES-FOR-CHAR/" name))
+         (read-c-string-function (symbolicate "READ-FROM-C-STRING/" name))
+         (output-c-string-function (symbolicate "OUTPUT-TO-C-STRING/" name))
+         (n-buffer (gensym "BUFFER")))
+    `(progn
+      (defun ,size-function (byte)
+        (declare (ignore byte))
+        ,size)
+      (defun ,out-function (stream string flush-p start end)
+        (let ((start (or start 0))
+              (end (or end (length string))))
+          (declare (type index start end))
+          (when (and (not (fd-stream-dual-channel-p stream))
+                     (> (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream)
+                        (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream)))
+            (file-position stream (file-position stream)))
+          (unless (<= 0 start end (length string))
+            (signal-bounding-indices-bad-error string start end))
+          (do ()
+              ((= end start))
+            (setf (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream)
+                  (string-dispatch (simple-base-string
+                                    #!+sb-unicode
+                                    (simple-array character (*))
+                                    string)
+                      string
+                    (let ((len (fd-stream-obuf-length stream))
+                          (sap (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream))
+                          (tail (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream)))
+                      (declare (type index tail)
+                               ;; STRING bounds have already been checked.
+                               (optimize (safety 0)))
+                      (loop
+                         (,@(if output-restart
+                                `(catch 'output-nothing)
+                                `(progn))
+                            (do* ()
+                                 ((or (= start end) (< (- len tail) 4)))
+                              (let* ((byte (aref string start))
+                                     (bits (char-code byte)))
+                                ,out-expr
+                                (incf tail ,size)
+                                (incf start)))
+                            ;; Exited from the loop normally
+                            (return tail))
+                         ;; Exited via CATCH. Skip the current character
+                         ;; and try the inner loop again.
+                         (incf start)))))
+            (when (< start end)
+              (flush-output-buffer stream)))
+          (when flush-p
+            (flush-output-buffer stream))))
+      (def-output-routines (,format
+                            ,size
+                            ,output-restart
+                            (:none character)
+                            (:line character)
+                            (:full character))
+          (if (char= byte #\Newline)
+              (setf (fd-stream-char-pos stream) 0)
+              (incf (fd-stream-char-pos stream)))
+        (let ((bits (char-code byte))
+              (sap (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream))
+              (tail (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream)))
+          ,out-expr))
+      (defun ,in-function (stream buffer start requested eof-error-p
+                           &aux (index start) (end (+ start requested)))
+        (declare (type fd-stream stream)
+                 (type index start requested index end)
+                 (type
+                  (simple-array character (#.+ansi-stream-in-buffer-length+))
+                  buffer))
+        (let ((unread (fd-stream-unread stream)))
+          (when unread
+            (setf (aref buffer index) unread)
+            (setf (fd-stream-unread stream) nil)
+            (setf (fd-stream-listen stream) nil)
+            (incf index)))
+        (do ()
+            (nil)
+          (let* ((head (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream))
+                 (tail (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream))
+                 (sap (fd-stream-ibuf-sap stream)))
+            (declare (type index head tail)
+                     (type system-area-pointer sap))
+            ;; Copy data from stream buffer into user's buffer.
+            (dotimes (i (min (truncate (- tail head) ,size)
+                             (- end index)))
+              (declare (optimize speed))
+              (let* ((byte (sap-ref-8 sap head)))
+                (setf (aref buffer index) ,in-expr)
+                (incf index)
+                (incf head ,size)))
+            (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream) head)
+            ;; Maybe we need to refill the stream buffer.
+            (cond ( ;; If there was enough data in the stream buffer, we're done.
+                   (= index end)
+                   (return (- index start)))
+                  ( ;; If EOF, we're done in another way.
+                   (null (catch 'eof-input-catcher (refill-buffer/fd stream)))
+                   (if eof-error-p
+                       (error 'end-of-file :stream stream)
+                       (return (- index start))))
+                  ;; Otherwise we refilled the stream buffer, so fall
+                  ;; through into another pass of the loop.
+                  ))))
+      (def-input-routine ,in-char-function (character ,size sap head)
+        (let ((byte (sap-ref-8 sap head)))
+          ,in-expr))
+      (defun ,read-c-string-function (sap element-type)
+        (declare (type system-area-pointer sap)
+                 (type (member character base-char) element-type))
+        (locally
+            (declare (optimize (speed 3) (safety 0)))
+          (let* ((stream ,name)
+                 (length
+                  (loop for head of-type index upfrom 0 by ,size
+                        for count of-type index upto (1- array-dimension-limit)
+                        for byte = (sap-ref-8 sap head)
+                        for char of-type character = ,in-expr
+                        until (zerop (char-code char))
+                        finally (return count)))
+                 ;; Inline the common cases
+                 (string (make-string length :element-type element-type)))
+            (declare (ignorable stream)
+                     (type index length)
+                     (type simple-string string))
+            (/show0 before-copy-loop)
+            (loop for head of-type index upfrom 0 by ,size
+               for index of-type index below length
+               for byte = (sap-ref-8 sap head)
+               for char of-type character = ,in-expr
+               do (setf (aref string index) char))
+            string))) ;; last loop rewrite to dotimes?
+        (defun ,output-c-string-function (string)
+          (declare (type simple-string string))
+          (locally
+              (declare (optimize (speed 3) (safety 0)))
+            (let* ((length (length string))
+                   (,n-buffer (make-array (* (1+ length) ,size)
+                                          :element-type '(unsigned-byte 8)))
+                   ;; This SAP-taking may seem unsafe without pinning,
+                   ;; but since the variable name is a gensym OUT-EXPR
+                   ;; cannot close over it even if it tried, so the buffer
+                   ;; will always be either in a register or on stack.
+                   ;; FIXME: But ...this is true on x86oids only!
+                   (sap (vector-sap ,n-buffer))
+                   (tail 0)
+                   (stream ,name))
+              (declare (type index length tail)
+                       (type system-area-pointer sap))
+              (dotimes (i length)
+                (let* ((byte (aref string i))
+                       (bits (char-code byte)))
+                  (declare (ignorable byte bits))
+                  ,out-expr)
+                (incf tail ,size))
+              (let* ((bits 0)
+                     (byte (code-char bits)))
+                (declare (ignorable bits byte))
+                ,out-expr)
+              ,n-buffer)))
+      (setf *external-formats*
+       (cons '(,external-format ,in-function ,in-char-function ,out-function
+               ,@(mapcar #'(lambda (buffering)
+                             (intern (format nil format (string buffering))))
+                         '(:none :line :full))
+               nil ; no resync-function
+               ,size-function ,read-c-string-function ,output-c-string-function)
+        *external-formats*)))))
+
+(defmacro define-external-format/variable-width
+    (external-format output-restart out-size-expr
+     out-expr in-size-expr in-expr)
+  (let* ((name (first external-format))
+         (out-function (symbolicate "OUTPUT-BYTES/" name))
+         (format (format nil "OUTPUT-CHAR-~A-~~A-BUFFERED" (string name)))
+         (in-function (symbolicate "FD-STREAM-READ-N-CHARACTERS/" name))
+         (in-char-function (symbolicate "INPUT-CHAR/" name))
+         (resync-function (symbolicate "RESYNC/" name))
+         (size-function (symbolicate "BYTES-FOR-CHAR/" name))
+         (read-c-string-function (symbolicate "READ-FROM-C-STRING/" name))
+         (output-c-string-function (symbolicate "OUTPUT-TO-C-STRING/" name))
+         (n-buffer (gensym "BUFFER")))
+    `(progn
+      (defun ,size-function (byte)
+        (declare (ignorable byte))
+        ,out-size-expr)
+      (defun ,out-function (stream string flush-p start end)
+        (let ((start (or start 0))
+              (end (or end (length string))))
+          (declare (type index start end))
+          (when (and (not (fd-stream-dual-channel-p stream))
+                     (> (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream)
+                        (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream)))
+            (file-position stream (file-position stream)))
+          (unless (<= 0 start end (length string))
+            (signal-bounding-indices-bad-error string start end))
+          (do ()
+              ((= end start))
+            (setf (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream)
+                  (string-dispatch (simple-base-string
+                                    #!+sb-unicode
+                                    (simple-array character (*))
+                                    string)
+                      string
+                    (let ((len (fd-stream-obuf-length stream))
+                          (sap (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream))
+                          (tail (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream)))
+                      (declare (type index tail)
+                               ;; STRING bounds have already been checked.
+                               (optimize (safety 0)))
+                      (loop
+                         (,@(if output-restart
+                                `(catch 'output-nothing)
+                                `(progn))
+                            (do* ()
+                                 ((or (= start end) (< (- len tail) 4)))
+                              (let* ((byte (aref string start))
+                                     (bits (char-code byte))
+                                     (size ,out-size-expr))
+                                ,out-expr
+                                (incf tail size)
+                                (incf start)))
+                            ;; Exited from the loop normally
+                            (return tail))
+                         ;; Exited via CATCH. Skip the current character
+                         ;; and try the inner loop again.
+                         (incf start)))))
+            (when (< start end)
+              (flush-output-buffer stream)))
+          (when flush-p
+            (flush-output-buffer stream))))
+      (def-output-routines/variable-width (,format
+                                           ,out-size-expr
+                                           ,output-restart
+                                           ,external-format
+                                           (:none character)
+                                           (:line character)
+                                           (:full character))
+          (if (char= byte #\Newline)
+              (setf (fd-stream-char-pos stream) 0)
+              (incf (fd-stream-char-pos stream)))
+        (let ((bits (char-code byte))
+              (sap (fd-stream-obuf-sap stream))
+              (tail (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream)))
+          ,out-expr))
+      (defun ,in-function (stream buffer start requested eof-error-p
+                           &aux (total-copied 0))
+        (declare (type fd-stream stream)
+                 (type index start requested total-copied)
+                 (type
+                  (simple-array character (#.+ansi-stream-in-buffer-length+))
+                  buffer))
+        (let ((unread (fd-stream-unread stream)))
+          (when unread
+            (setf (aref buffer start) unread)
+            (setf (fd-stream-unread stream) nil)
+            (setf (fd-stream-listen stream) nil)
+            (incf total-copied)))
+        (do ()
+            (nil)
+          (let* ((head (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream))
+                 (tail (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream))
+                 (sap (fd-stream-ibuf-sap stream))
+                 (decode-break-reason nil))
+            (declare (type index head tail))
+            ;; Copy data from stream buffer into user's buffer.
+            (do ((size nil nil))
+                ((or (= tail head) (= requested total-copied)))
+              (setf decode-break-reason
+                    (block decode-break-reason
+                      (let ((byte (sap-ref-8 sap head)))
+                        (declare (ignorable byte))
+                        (setq size ,in-size-expr)
+                        (when (> size (- tail head))
+                          (return))
+                        (setf (aref buffer (+ start total-copied)) ,in-expr)
+                        (incf total-copied)
+                        (incf head size))
+                      nil))
+              (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream) head)
+              (when decode-break-reason
+                ;; If we've already read some characters on when the invalid
+                ;; code sequence is detected, we return immediately. The
+                ;; handling of the error is deferred until the next call
+                ;; (where this check will be false). This allows establishing
+                ;; high-level handlers for decode errors (for example
+                ;; automatically resyncing in Lisp comments).
+                (when (plusp total-copied)
+                  (return-from ,in-function total-copied))
+                (when (stream-decoding-error-and-handle
+                       stream decode-break-reason)
+                  (if eof-error-p
+                      (error 'end-of-file :stream stream)
+                      (return-from ,in-function total-copied)))
+                (setf head (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream))
+                (setf tail (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream))))
+            (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream) head)
+            ;; Maybe we need to refill the stream buffer.
+            (cond ( ;; If there were enough data in the stream buffer, we're done.
+                   (= total-copied requested)
+                   (return total-copied))
+                  ( ;; If EOF, we're done in another way.
+                   (or (eq decode-break-reason 'eof)
+                       (null (catch 'eof-input-catcher
+                               (refill-buffer/fd stream))))
+                   (if eof-error-p
+                       (error 'end-of-file :stream stream)
+                       (return total-copied)))
+                  ;; Otherwise we refilled the stream buffer, so fall
+                  ;; through into another pass of the loop.
+                  ))))
+      (def-input-routine/variable-width ,in-char-function (character
+                                                           ,external-format
+                                                           ,in-size-expr
+                                                           sap head)
+        (let ((byte (sap-ref-8 sap head)))
+          (declare (ignorable byte))
+          ,in-expr))
+      (defun ,resync-function (stream)
+        (loop (input-at-least stream 2)
+              (incf (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream))
+              (unless (block decode-break-reason
+                        (let* ((sap (fd-stream-ibuf-sap stream))
+                               (head (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream))
+                               (byte (sap-ref-8 sap head))
+                               (size ,in-size-expr))
+                          (declare (ignorable byte))
+                          (input-at-least stream size)
+                          (let ((sap (fd-stream-ibuf-sap stream))
+                                (head (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream)))
+                            ,in-expr))
+                        nil)
+                (return))))
+      (defun ,read-c-string-function (sap element-type)
+        (declare (type system-area-pointer sap))
+        (locally
+            (declare (optimize (speed 3) (safety 0)))
+          (let* ((stream ,name)
+                 (size 0) (head 0) (byte 0) (char nil)
+                 (decode-break-reason nil)
+                 (length (dotimes (count (1- ARRAY-DIMENSION-LIMIT) count)
+                           (setf decode-break-reason
+                                 (block decode-break-reason
+                                   (setf byte (sap-ref-8 sap head)
+                                         size ,in-size-expr
+                                         char ,in-expr)
+                                   (incf head size)
+                                   nil))
+                           (when decode-break-reason
+                             (c-string-decoding-error ,name decode-break-reason))
+                           (when (zerop (char-code char))
+                             (return count))))
+                 (string (make-string length :element-type element-type)))
+            (declare (ignorable stream)
+                     (type index head length) ;; size
+                     (type (unsigned-byte 8) byte)
+                     (type (or null character) char)
+                     (type string string))
+            (setf head 0)
+            (dotimes (index length string)
+              (setf decode-break-reason
+                    (block decode-break-reason
+                      (setf byte (sap-ref-8 sap head)
+                            size ,in-size-expr
+                            char ,in-expr)
+                      (incf head size)
+                      nil))
+              (when decode-break-reason
+                (c-string-decoding-error ,name decode-break-reason))
+              (setf (aref string index) char)))))
+
+      (defun ,output-c-string-function (string)
+        (declare (type simple-string string))
+        (locally
+            (declare (optimize (speed 3) (safety 0)))
+          (let* ((length (length string))
+                 (char-length (make-array (1+ length) :element-type 'index))
+                 (buffer-length
+                  (+ (loop for i of-type index below length
+                        for byte of-type character = (aref string i)
+                        for bits = (char-code byte)
+                        sum (setf (aref char-length i)
+                                  (the index ,out-size-expr)))
+                     (let* ((byte (code-char 0))
+                            (bits (char-code byte)))
+                       (declare (ignorable byte bits))
+                       (setf (aref char-length length)
+                             (the index ,out-size-expr)))))
+                 (tail 0)
+                 (,n-buffer (make-array buffer-length
+                                        :element-type '(unsigned-byte 8)))
+                 ;; This SAP-taking may seem unsafe without pinning,
+                 ;; but since the variable name is a gensym OUT-EXPR
+                 ;; cannot close over it even if it tried, so the buffer
+                 ;; will always be either in a register or on stack.
+                 ;; FIXME: But ...this is true on x86oids only!
+                 (sap (vector-sap ,n-buffer))
+                 stream)
+            (declare (type index length buffer-length tail)
+                     (type system-area-pointer sap)
+                     (type null stream)
+                     (ignorable stream))
+            (loop for i of-type index below length
+                  for byte of-type character = (aref string i)
+                  for bits = (char-code byte)
+                  for size of-type index = (aref char-length i)
+                  do (prog1
+                         ,out-expr
+                       (incf tail size)))
+            (let* ((bits 0)
+                   (byte (code-char bits))
+                   (size (aref char-length length)))
+              (declare (ignorable bits byte size))
+              ,out-expr)
+            ,n-buffer)))
+
+      (setf *external-formats*
+       (cons '(,external-format ,in-function ,in-char-function ,out-function
+               ,@(mapcar #'(lambda (buffering)
+                             (intern (format nil format (string buffering))))
+                         '(:none :line :full))
+               ,resync-function
+               ,size-function ,read-c-string-function ,output-c-string-function)
+        *external-formats*)))))
+
+;;; Multiple names for the :ISO{,-}8859-* families are needed because on
+;;; FreeBSD (and maybe other BSD systems), nl_langinfo("LATIN-1") will
+;;; return "ISO8859-1" instead of "ISO-8859-1".
+(define-external-format (:latin-1 :latin1 :iso-8859-1 :iso8859-1)
+    1 t
+  (if (>= bits 256)
+      (external-format-encoding-error stream bits)
+      (setf (sap-ref-8 sap tail) bits))
+  (code-char byte))
+
+(define-external-format (:ascii :us-ascii :ansi_x3.4-1968
+                         :iso-646 :iso-646-us :|646|)
+    1 t
+  (if (>= bits 128)
+      (external-format-encoding-error stream bits)
+      (setf (sap-ref-8 sap tail) bits))
+  (code-char byte))
+
+(let* ((table (let ((s (make-string 256)))
+                (map-into s #'code-char
+                          '(#x00 #x01 #x02 #x03 #x9c #x09 #x86 #x7f #x97 #x8d #x8e #x0b #x0c #x0d #x0e #x0f
+                            #x10 #x11 #x12 #x13 #x9d #x85 #x08 #x87 #x18 #x19 #x92 #x8f #x1c #x1d #x1e #x1f
+                            #x80 #x81 #x82 #x83 #x84 #x0a #x17 #x1b #x88 #x89 #x8a #x8b #x8c #x05 #x06 #x07
+                            #x90 #x91 #x16 #x93 #x94 #x95 #x96 #x04 #x98 #x99 #x9a #x9b #x14 #x15 #x9e #x1a
+                            #x20 #xa0 #xe2 #xe4 #xe0 #xe1 #xe3 #xe5 #xe7 #xf1 #xa2 #x2e #x3c #x28 #x2b #x7c
+                            #x26 #xe9 #xea #xeb #xe8 #xed #xee #xef #xec #xdf #x21 #x24 #x2a #x29 #x3b #xac
+                            #x2d #x2f #xc2 #xc4 #xc0 #xc1 #xc3 #xc5 #xc7 #xd1 #xa6 #x2c #x25 #x5f #x3e #x3f
+                            #xf8 #xc9 #xca #xcb #xc8 #xcd #xce #xcf #xcc #x60 #x3a #x23 #x40 #x27 #x3d #x22
+                            #xd8 #x61 #x62 #x63 #x64 #x65 #x66 #x67 #x68 #x69 #xab #xbb #xf0 #xfd #xfe #xb1
+                            #xb0 #x6a #x6b #x6c #x6d #x6e #x6f #x70 #x71 #x72 #xaa #xba #xe6 #xb8 #xc6 #xa4
+                            #xb5 #x7e #x73 #x74 #x75 #x76 #x77 #x78 #x79 #x7a #xa1 #xbf #xd0 #xdd #xde #xae
+                            #x5e #xa3 #xa5 #xb7 #xa9 #xa7 #xb6 #xbc #xbd #xbe #x5b #x5d #xaf #xa8 #xb4 #xd7
+                            #x7b #x41 #x42 #x43 #x44 #x45 #x46 #x47 #x48 #x49 #xad #xf4 #xf6 #xf2 #xf3 #xf5
+                            #x7d #x4a #x4b #x4c #x4d #x4e #x4f #x50 #x51 #x52 #xb9 #xfb #xfc #xf9 #xfa #xff
+                            #x5c #xf7 #x53 #x54 #x55 #x56 #x57 #x58 #x59 #x5a #xb2 #xd4 #xd6 #xd2 #xd3 #xd5
+                            #x30 #x31 #x32 #x33 #x34 #x35 #x36 #x37 #x38 #x39 #xb3 #xdb #xdc #xd9 #xda #x9f))
+                s))
+       (reverse-table (let ((rt (make-array 256 :element-type '(unsigned-byte 8) :initial-element 0)))
+                          (loop for char across table for i from 0
+                               do (aver (= 0 (aref rt (char-code char))))
+                               do (setf (aref rt (char-code char)) i))
+                          rt)))
+  (define-external-format (:ebcdic-us :ibm-037 :ibm037)
+      1 t
+    (if (>= bits 256)
+        (external-format-encoding-error stream bits)
+        (setf (sap-ref-8 sap tail) (aref reverse-table bits)))
+    (aref table byte)))
+
+
+#!+sb-unicode
+(let ((latin-9-table (let ((table (make-string 256)))
+                       (do ((i 0 (1+ i)))
+                           ((= i 256))
+                         (setf (aref table i) (code-char i)))
+                       (setf (aref table #xa4) (code-char #x20ac))
+                       (setf (aref table #xa6) (code-char #x0160))
+                       (setf (aref table #xa8) (code-char #x0161))
+                       (setf (aref table #xb4) (code-char #x017d))
+                       (setf (aref table #xb8) (code-char #x017e))
+                       (setf (aref table #xbc) (code-char #x0152))
+                       (setf (aref table #xbd) (code-char #x0153))
+                       (setf (aref table #xbe) (code-char #x0178))
+                       table))
+      (latin-9-reverse-1 (make-array 16
+                                     :element-type '(unsigned-byte 21)
+                                     :initial-contents '(#x0160 #x0161 #x0152 #x0153 0 0 0 0 #x0178 0 0 0 #x20ac #x017d #x017e 0)))
+      (latin-9-reverse-2 (make-array 16
+                                     :element-type '(unsigned-byte 8)
+                                     :initial-contents '(#xa6 #xa8 #xbc #xbd 0 0 0 0 #xbe 0 0 0 #xa4 #xb4 #xb8 0))))
+  (define-external-format (:latin-9 :latin9 :iso-8859-15 :iso8859-15)
+      1 t
+    (setf (sap-ref-8 sap tail)
+          (if (< bits 256)
+              (if (= bits (char-code (aref latin-9-table bits)))
+                  bits
+                  (external-format-encoding-error stream byte))
+              (if (= (aref latin-9-reverse-1 (logand bits 15)) bits)
+                  (aref latin-9-reverse-2 (logand bits 15))
+                  (external-format-encoding-error stream byte))))
+    (aref latin-9-table byte)))
+
+(define-external-format/variable-width (:utf-8 :utf8) nil
+  (let ((bits (char-code byte)))
+    (cond ((< bits #x80) 1)
+          ((< bits #x800) 2)
+          ((< bits #x10000) 3)
+          (t 4)))
+  (ecase size
+    (1 (setf (sap-ref-8 sap tail) bits))
+    (2 (setf (sap-ref-8 sap tail) (logior #xc0 (ldb (byte 5 6) bits))
+             (sap-ref-8 sap (1+ tail)) (logior #x80 (ldb (byte 6 0) bits))))
+    (3 (setf (sap-ref-8 sap tail) (logior #xe0 (ldb (byte 4 12) bits))
+             (sap-ref-8 sap (1+ tail)) (logior #x80 (ldb (byte 6 6) bits))
+             (sap-ref-8 sap (+ 2 tail)) (logior #x80 (ldb (byte 6 0) bits))))
+    (4 (setf (sap-ref-8 sap tail) (logior #xf0 (ldb (byte 3 18) bits))
+             (sap-ref-8 sap (1+ tail)) (logior #x80 (ldb (byte 6 12) bits))
+             (sap-ref-8 sap (+ 2 tail)) (logior #x80 (ldb (byte 6 6) bits))
+             (sap-ref-8 sap (+ 3 tail)) (logior #x80 (ldb (byte 6 0) bits)))))
+  (cond ((< byte #x80) 1)
+        ((< byte #xc2) (return-from decode-break-reason 1))
+        ((< byte #xe0) 2)
+        ((< byte #xf0) 3)
+        (t 4))
+  (code-char (ecase size
+               (1 byte)
+               (2 (let ((byte2 (sap-ref-8 sap (1+ head))))
+                    (unless (<= #x80 byte2 #xbf)
+                      (return-from decode-break-reason 2))
+                    (dpb byte (byte 5 6) byte2)))
+               (3 (let ((byte2 (sap-ref-8 sap (1+ head)))
+                        (byte3 (sap-ref-8 sap (+ 2 head))))
+                    (unless (and (<= #x80 byte2 #xbf)
+                                 (<= #x80 byte3 #xbf))
+                      (return-from decode-break-reason 3))
+                    (dpb byte (byte 4 12) (dpb byte2 (byte 6 6) byte3))))
+               (4 (let ((byte2 (sap-ref-8 sap (1+ head)))
+                        (byte3 (sap-ref-8 sap (+ 2 head)))
+                        (byte4 (sap-ref-8 sap (+ 3 head))))
+                    (unless (and (<= #x80 byte2 #xbf)
+                                 (<= #x80 byte3 #xbf)
+                                 (<= #x80 byte4 #xbf))
+                      (return-from decode-break-reason 4))
+                    (dpb byte (byte 3 18)
+                         (dpb byte2 (byte 6 12)
+                              (dpb byte3 (byte 6 6) byte4))))))))
 \f
 ;;;; utility functions (misc routines, etc)
 
 ;;; Fill in the various routine slots for the given type. INPUT-P and
 ;;; OUTPUT-P indicate what slots to fill. The buffering slot must be
 ;;; set prior to calling this routine.
-(defun set-fd-stream-routines (fd-stream type input-p output-p buffer-p)
-  (let ((target-type (case type
-                      ((:default unsigned-byte)
-                       '(unsigned-byte 8))
-                      (signed-byte
-                       '(signed-byte 8))
-                      (t
-                       type)))
-       (input-type nil)
-       (output-type nil)
-       (input-size nil)
-       (output-size nil))
-
-    (when (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream)
-      (push (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream) *available-buffers*)
-      (setf (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream) nil))
-    (when (fd-stream-ibuf-sap fd-stream)
-      (push (fd-stream-ibuf-sap fd-stream) *available-buffers*)
-      (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-sap fd-stream) nil))
+(defun set-fd-stream-routines (fd-stream element-type external-format
+                               input-p output-p buffer-p)
+  (let* ((target-type (case element-type
+                        (unsigned-byte '(unsigned-byte 8))
+                        (signed-byte '(signed-byte 8))
+                        (:default 'character)
+                        (t element-type)))
+         (character-stream-p (subtypep target-type 'character))
+         (bivalent-stream-p (eq element-type :default))
+         normalized-external-format
+         (bin-routine #'ill-bin)
+         (bin-type nil)
+         (bin-size nil)
+         (cin-routine #'ill-in)
+         (cin-type nil)
+         (cin-size nil)
+         (input-type nil)           ;calculated from bin-type/cin-type
+         (input-size nil)           ;calculated from bin-size/cin-size
+         (read-n-characters #'ill-in)
+         (bout-routine #'ill-bout)
+         (bout-type nil)
+         (bout-size nil)
+         (cout-routine #'ill-out)
+         (cout-type nil)
+         (cout-size nil)
+         (output-type nil)
+         (output-size nil)
+         (output-bytes #'ill-bout))
+
+    ;; drop buffers when direction changes
+    (when (and (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream) (not output-p))
+      (with-available-buffers-lock ()
+        (push (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream) *available-buffers*)
+        (setf (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream) nil)))
+    (when (and (fd-stream-ibuf-sap fd-stream) (not input-p))
+      (with-available-buffers-lock ()
+        (push (fd-stream-ibuf-sap fd-stream) *available-buffers*)
+        (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-sap fd-stream) nil)))
+    (when input-p
+      (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-sap fd-stream) (next-available-buffer))
+      (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-length fd-stream) bytes-per-buffer)
+      (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-tail fd-stream) 0))
+    (when output-p
+      (setf (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream) (next-available-buffer))
+      (setf (fd-stream-obuf-length fd-stream) bytes-per-buffer)
+      (setf (fd-stream-obuf-tail fd-stream) 0)
+      (setf (fd-stream-char-pos fd-stream) 0))
+
+    (when (and character-stream-p
+               (eq external-format :default))
+      (/show0 "/getting default external format")
+      (setf external-format (default-external-format)))
 
     (when input-p
-      (multiple-value-bind (routine type size)
-         (pick-input-routine target-type)
-       (unless routine
-         (error "could not find any input routine for ~S" target-type))
-       (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-sap fd-stream) (next-available-buffer))
-       (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-length fd-stream) bytes-per-buffer)
-       (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-tail fd-stream) 0)
-       (if (subtypep type 'character)
-           (setf (fd-stream-in fd-stream) routine
-                 (fd-stream-bin fd-stream) #'ill-bin)
-           (setf (fd-stream-in fd-stream) #'ill-in
-                 (fd-stream-bin fd-stream) routine))
-       (when (eql size 1)
-         (setf (fd-stream-n-bin fd-stream) #'fd-stream-read-n-bytes)
-         (when buffer-p
-           (setf (ansi-stream-in-buffer fd-stream)
-                 (make-array +ansi-stream-in-buffer-length+
-                             :element-type '(unsigned-byte 8)))))
-       (setf input-size size)
-       (setf input-type type)))
+      (when (or (not character-stream-p) bivalent-stream-p)
+        (multiple-value-setq (bin-routine bin-type bin-size read-n-characters
+                                          normalized-external-format)
+          (pick-input-routine (if bivalent-stream-p '(unsigned-byte 8)
+                                  target-type)
+                              external-format))
+        (unless bin-routine
+          (error "could not find any input routine for ~S" target-type)))
+      (when character-stream-p
+        (multiple-value-setq (cin-routine cin-type cin-size read-n-characters
+                                          normalized-external-format)
+          (pick-input-routine target-type external-format))
+        (unless cin-routine
+          (error "could not find any input routine for ~S" target-type)))
+      (setf (fd-stream-in fd-stream) cin-routine
+            (fd-stream-bin fd-stream) bin-routine)
+      ;; character type gets preferential treatment
+      (setf input-size (or cin-size bin-size))
+      (setf input-type (or cin-type bin-type))
+      (when normalized-external-format
+        (setf (fd-stream-external-format fd-stream)
+              normalized-external-format))
+      (when (= (or cin-size 1) (or bin-size 1) 1)
+        (setf (fd-stream-n-bin fd-stream) ;XXX
+              (if (and character-stream-p (not bivalent-stream-p))
+                  read-n-characters
+                  #'fd-stream-read-n-bytes))
+        ;; Sometimes turn on fast-read-char/fast-read-byte.  Switch on
+        ;; for character and (unsigned-byte 8) streams.  In these
+        ;; cases, fast-read-* will read from the
+        ;; ansi-stream-(c)in-buffer, saving function calls.
+        ;; Otherwise, the various data-reading functions in the stream
+        ;; structure will be called.
+        (when (and buffer-p
+                   (not bivalent-stream-p)
+                   ;; temporary disable on :io streams
+                   (not output-p))
+          (cond (character-stream-p
+                 (setf (ansi-stream-cin-buffer fd-stream)
+                       (make-array +ansi-stream-in-buffer-length+
+                                   :element-type 'character)))
+                ((equal target-type '(unsigned-byte 8))
+                 (setf (ansi-stream-in-buffer fd-stream)
+                       (make-array +ansi-stream-in-buffer-length+
+                                   :element-type '(unsigned-byte 8))))))))
 
     (when output-p
-      (multiple-value-bind (routine type size)
-         (pick-output-routine target-type (fd-stream-buffering fd-stream))
-       (unless routine
-         (error "could not find any output routine for ~S buffered ~S"
-                (fd-stream-buffering fd-stream)
-                target-type))
-       (setf (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream) (next-available-buffer))
-       (setf (fd-stream-obuf-length fd-stream) bytes-per-buffer)
-       (setf (fd-stream-obuf-tail fd-stream) 0)
-       (if (subtypep type 'character)
-         (setf (fd-stream-out fd-stream) routine
-               (fd-stream-bout fd-stream) #'ill-bout)
-         (setf (fd-stream-out fd-stream)
-               (or (if (eql size 1)
-                     (pick-output-routine 'base-char
-                                          (fd-stream-buffering fd-stream)))
-                   #'ill-out)
-               (fd-stream-bout fd-stream) routine))
-       (setf (fd-stream-sout fd-stream)
-             (if (eql size 1) #'fd-sout #'ill-out))
-       (setf (fd-stream-char-pos fd-stream) 0)
-       (setf output-size size)
-       (setf output-type type)))
+      (when (or (not character-stream-p) bivalent-stream-p)
+        (multiple-value-setq (bout-routine bout-type bout-size output-bytes
+                                           normalized-external-format)
+          (pick-output-routine (if bivalent-stream-p
+                                   '(unsigned-byte 8)
+                                   target-type)
+                               (fd-stream-buffering fd-stream)
+                               external-format))
+        (unless bout-routine
+          (error "could not find any output routine for ~S buffered ~S"
+                 (fd-stream-buffering fd-stream)
+                 target-type)))
+      (when character-stream-p
+        (multiple-value-setq (cout-routine cout-type cout-size output-bytes
+                                           normalized-external-format)
+          (pick-output-routine target-type
+                               (fd-stream-buffering fd-stream)
+                               external-format))
+        (unless cout-routine
+          (error "could not find any output routine for ~S buffered ~S"
+                 (fd-stream-buffering fd-stream)
+                 target-type)))
+      (when normalized-external-format
+        (setf (fd-stream-external-format fd-stream)
+              normalized-external-format))
+      (when character-stream-p
+        (setf (fd-stream-output-bytes fd-stream) output-bytes))
+      (setf (fd-stream-out fd-stream) cout-routine
+            (fd-stream-bout fd-stream) bout-routine
+            (fd-stream-sout fd-stream) (if (eql cout-size 1)
+                                           #'fd-sout #'ill-out))
+      (setf output-size (or cout-size bout-size))
+      (setf output-type (or cout-type bout-type)))
 
     (when (and input-size output-size
-              (not (eq input-size output-size)))
+               (not (eq input-size output-size)))
       (error "Element sizes for input (~S:~S) and output (~S:~S) differ?"
-            input-type input-size
-            output-type output-size))
+             input-type input-size
+             output-type output-size))
     (setf (fd-stream-element-size fd-stream)
-         (or input-size output-size))
+          (or input-size output-size))
 
     (setf (fd-stream-element-type fd-stream)
-         (cond ((equal input-type output-type)
-                input-type)
-               ((null output-type)
-                input-type)
-               ((null input-type)
-                output-type)
-               ((subtypep input-type output-type)
-                input-type)
-               ((subtypep output-type input-type)
-                output-type)
-               (t
-                (error "Input type (~S) and output type (~S) are unrelated?"
-                       input-type
-                       output-type))))))
+          (cond ((equal input-type output-type)
+                 input-type)
+                ((null output-type)
+                 input-type)
+                ((null input-type)
+                 output-type)
+                ((subtypep input-type output-type)
+                 input-type)
+                ((subtypep output-type input-type)
+                 output-type)
+                (t
+                 (error "Input type (~S) and output type (~S) are unrelated?"
+                        input-type
+                        output-type))))))
 
 ;;; Handle miscellaneous operations on FD-STREAM.
 (defun fd-stream-misc-routine (fd-stream operation &optional arg1 arg2)
   (declare (ignore arg2))
   (case operation
     (:listen
-     (or (not (eql (fd-stream-ibuf-head fd-stream)
-                  (fd-stream-ibuf-tail fd-stream)))
-        (fd-stream-listen fd-stream)
-        (setf (fd-stream-listen fd-stream)
-              (eql (sb!alien:with-alien ((read-fds (sb!alien:struct
-                                                    sb!unix:fd-set)))
-                     (sb!unix:fd-zero read-fds)
-                     (sb!unix:fd-set (fd-stream-fd fd-stream) read-fds)
-                     (sb!unix:unix-fast-select (1+ (fd-stream-fd fd-stream))
-                                               (sb!alien:addr read-fds)
-                                               nil nil 0 0))
-                   1))))
+     (labels ((do-listen ()
+                (or (not (eql (fd-stream-ibuf-head fd-stream)
+                              (fd-stream-ibuf-tail fd-stream)))
+                    (fd-stream-listen fd-stream)
+                    #!+win32
+                    (sb!win32:fd-listen (fd-stream-fd fd-stream))
+                    #!-win32
+                    ;; If the read can block, LISTEN will certainly return NIL.
+                    (if (sysread-may-block-p fd-stream)
+                        nil
+                        ;; Otherwise select(2) and CL:LISTEN have slightly
+                        ;; different semantics.  The former returns that an FD
+                        ;; is readable when a read operation wouldn't block.
+                        ;; That includes EOF.  However, LISTEN must return NIL
+                        ;; at EOF.
+                        (progn (catch 'eof-input-catcher
+                                 ;; r-b/f too calls select, but it shouldn't
+                                 ;; block as long as read can return once w/o
+                                 ;; blocking
+                                 (refill-buffer/fd fd-stream))
+                               ;; At this point either IBUF-HEAD != IBUF-TAIL
+                               ;; and FD-STREAM-LISTEN is NIL, in which case
+                               ;; we should return T, or IBUF-HEAD ==
+                               ;; IBUF-TAIL and FD-STREAM-LISTEN is :EOF, in
+                               ;; which case we should return :EOF for this
+                               ;; call and all future LISTEN call on this stream.
+                               ;; Call ourselves again to determine which case
+                               ;; applies.
+                               (do-listen))))))
+       (do-listen)))
     (:unread
      (setf (fd-stream-unread fd-stream) arg1)
      (setf (fd-stream-listen fd-stream) t))
     (:close
-     (cond (arg1
-           ;; We got us an abort on our hands.
-           (when (fd-stream-handler fd-stream)
-                 (sb!sys:remove-fd-handler (fd-stream-handler fd-stream))
-                 (setf (fd-stream-handler fd-stream) nil))
-           (when (and (fd-stream-file fd-stream)
-                      (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream))
-             ;; We can't do anything unless we know what file were
-             ;; dealing with, and we don't want to do anything
-             ;; strange unless we were writing to the file.
-             (if (fd-stream-original fd-stream)
-                 ;; We have a handle on the original, just revert.
-                 (multiple-value-bind (okay err)
-                     (sb!unix:unix-rename (fd-stream-original fd-stream)
-                                          (fd-stream-file fd-stream))
-                   (unless okay
-                     (simple-stream-perror
-                      "couldn't restore ~S to its original contents"
-                      fd-stream
-                      err)))
-                 ;; We can't restore the original, so nuke that puppy.
-                 (multiple-value-bind (okay err)
-                     (sb!unix:unix-unlink (fd-stream-file fd-stream))
-                   (unless okay
-                     (error 'simple-file-error
-                            :pathname (fd-stream-file fd-stream)
-                            :format-control
-                            "~@<couldn't remove ~S: ~2I~_~A~:>"
-                            :format-arguments (list (fd-stream-file fd-stream)
-                                                    (strerror err))))))))
-          (t
-           (fd-stream-misc-routine fd-stream :finish-output)
-           (when (and (fd-stream-original fd-stream)
-                      (fd-stream-delete-original fd-stream))
-             (multiple-value-bind (okay err)
-                 (sb!unix:unix-unlink (fd-stream-original fd-stream))
-               (unless okay
-                 (error 'simple-file-error
-                        :pathname (fd-stream-original fd-stream)
-                        :format-control 
-                        "~@<couldn't delete ~S during close of ~S: ~
+     (cond (arg1                    ; We got us an abort on our hands.
+            (when (fd-stream-handler fd-stream)
+              (remove-fd-handler (fd-stream-handler fd-stream))
+              (setf (fd-stream-handler fd-stream) nil))
+            ;; We can't do anything unless we know what file were
+            ;; dealing with, and we don't want to do anything
+            ;; strange unless we were writing to the file.
+            (when (and (fd-stream-file fd-stream)
+                       (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream))
+              (if (fd-stream-original fd-stream)
+                  ;; If the original is EQ to file we are appending
+                  ;; and can just close the file without renaming.
+                  (unless (eq (fd-stream-original fd-stream)
+                              (fd-stream-file fd-stream))
+                    ;; We have a handle on the original, just revert.
+                    (multiple-value-bind (okay err)
+                        (sb!unix:unix-rename (fd-stream-original fd-stream)
+                                             (fd-stream-file fd-stream))
+                      (unless okay
+                        (simple-stream-perror
+                         "couldn't restore ~S to its original contents"
+                         fd-stream
+                         err))))
+                  ;; We can't restore the original, and aren't
+                  ;; appending, so nuke that puppy.
+                  ;;
+                  ;; FIXME: This is currently the fate of superseded
+                  ;; files, and according to the CLOSE spec this is
+                  ;; wrong. However, there seems to be no clean way to
+                  ;; do that that doesn't involve either copying the
+                  ;; data (bad if the :abort resulted from a full
+                  ;; disk), or renaming the old file temporarily
+                  ;; (probably bad because stream opening becomes more
+                  ;; racy).
+                  (multiple-value-bind (okay err)
+                      (sb!unix:unix-unlink (fd-stream-file fd-stream))
+                    (unless okay
+                      (error 'simple-file-error
+                             :pathname (fd-stream-file fd-stream)
+                             :format-control
+                             "~@<couldn't remove ~S: ~2I~_~A~:>"
+                             :format-arguments (list (fd-stream-file fd-stream)
+                                                     (strerror err))))))))
+           (t
+            (fd-stream-misc-routine fd-stream :finish-output)
+            (when (and (fd-stream-original fd-stream)
+                       (fd-stream-delete-original fd-stream))
+              (multiple-value-bind (okay err)
+                  (sb!unix:unix-unlink (fd-stream-original fd-stream))
+                (unless okay
+                  (error 'simple-file-error
+                         :pathname (fd-stream-original fd-stream)
+                         :format-control
+                         "~@<couldn't delete ~S during close of ~S: ~
                           ~2I~_~A~:>"
-                        :format-arguments
-                        (list (fd-stream-original fd-stream)
-                              fd-stream
-                              (strerror err))))))))
+                         :format-arguments
+                         (list (fd-stream-original fd-stream)
+                               fd-stream
+                               (strerror err))))))))
      (when (fboundp 'cancel-finalization)
        (cancel-finalization fd-stream))
      (sb!unix:unix-close (fd-stream-fd fd-stream))
      (when (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream)
-       (push (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream) *available-buffers*)
-       (setf (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream) nil))
+       (with-available-buffers-lock ()
+         (push (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream) *available-buffers*)
+         (setf (fd-stream-obuf-sap fd-stream) nil)))
      (when (fd-stream-ibuf-sap fd-stream)
-       (push (fd-stream-ibuf-sap fd-stream) *available-buffers*)
-       (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-sap fd-stream) nil))
+       (with-available-buffers-lock ()
+         (push (fd-stream-ibuf-sap fd-stream) *available-buffers*)
+         (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-sap fd-stream) nil)))
      (sb!impl::set-closed-flame fd-stream))
     (:clear-input
      (setf (fd-stream-unread fd-stream) nil)
      (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-head fd-stream) 0)
      (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-tail fd-stream) 0)
+     #!+win32
+     (progn
+       (sb!win32:fd-clear-input (fd-stream-fd fd-stream))
+       (setf (fd-stream-listen fd-stream) nil))
+     #!-win32
      (catch 'eof-input-catcher
-       (loop
-       (let ((count (sb!alien:with-alien ((read-fds (sb!alien:struct
-                                                     sb!unix:fd-set)))
-                      (sb!unix:fd-zero read-fds)
-                      (sb!unix:fd-set (fd-stream-fd fd-stream) read-fds)
-                      (sb!unix:unix-fast-select (1+ (fd-stream-fd fd-stream))
-                                                (sb!alien:addr read-fds)
-                                                nil
-                                                nil
-                                                0
-                                                0))))
-         (cond ((eql count 1)
-                (frob-input fd-stream)
-                (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-head fd-stream) 0)
-                (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-tail fd-stream) 0))
-               (t
-                (return t)))))))
+       (loop until (sysread-may-block-p fd-stream)
+             do
+             (refill-buffer/fd fd-stream)
+             (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-head fd-stream) 0)
+             (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-tail fd-stream) 0))
+       t))
     (:force-output
      (flush-output-buffer fd-stream))
     (:finish-output
-     (flush-output-buffer fd-stream)
-     (do ()
-        ((null (fd-stream-output-later fd-stream)))
-       (sb!sys:serve-all-events)))
+     (finish-fd-stream-output fd-stream))
     (:element-type
      (fd-stream-element-type fd-stream))
+    (:external-format
+     (fd-stream-external-format fd-stream))
     (:interactive-p
-      ;; FIXME: sb!unix:unix-isatty is undefined.
      (= 1 (the (member 0 1)
             (sb!unix:unix-isatty (fd-stream-fd fd-stream)))))
     (:line-length
        ;; appropriate value for the EXPECTED-TYPE slot..
        (error 'simple-type-error
               :datum fd-stream
-              :expected-type 'file-stream
+              :expected-type 'fd-stream
               :format-control "~S is not a stream associated with a file."
               :format-arguments (list fd-stream)))
      (multiple-value-bind (okay dev ino mode nlink uid gid rdev size
-                          atime mtime ctime blksize blocks)
-        (sb!unix:unix-fstat (fd-stream-fd fd-stream))
+                                atime mtime ctime blksize blocks)
+         (sb!unix:unix-fstat (fd-stream-fd fd-stream))
        (declare (ignore ino nlink uid gid rdev
-                       atime mtime ctime blksize blocks))
+                        atime mtime ctime blksize blocks))
        (unless okay
-        (simple-stream-perror "failed Unix fstat(2) on ~S" fd-stream dev))
+         (simple-stream-perror "failed Unix fstat(2) on ~S" fd-stream dev))
        (if (zerop mode)
-          nil
-          (truncate size (fd-stream-element-size fd-stream)))))
+           nil
+           (truncate size (fd-stream-element-size fd-stream)))))
+    (:file-string-length
+     (etypecase arg1
+       (character (fd-stream-character-size fd-stream arg1))
+       (string (fd-stream-string-size fd-stream arg1))))
     (:file-position
-     (fd-stream-file-position fd-stream arg1))))
-
-(defun fd-stream-file-position (stream &optional newpos)
-  (declare (type file-stream stream)
-          (type (or index (member nil :start :end)) newpos))
-  (if (null newpos)
-      (sb!sys:without-interrupts
-       ;; First, find the position of the UNIX file descriptor in the file.
-       (multiple-value-bind (posn errno)
-           (sb!unix:unix-lseek (fd-stream-fd stream) 0 sb!unix:l_incr)
-         (declare (type (or index null) posn))
-         (cond ((fixnump posn)
-                ;; Adjust for buffered output: If there is any output
-                ;; buffered, the *real* file position will be larger
-                ;; than reported by lseek() because lseek() obviously
-                ;; cannot take into account output we have not sent
-                ;; yet.
-                (dolist (later (fd-stream-output-later stream))
-                  (incf posn (- (the index (caddr later))
-                                (the index (cadr later)))))
-                (incf posn (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream))
-                ;; Adjust for unread input: If there is any input
-                ;; read from UNIX but not supplied to the user of the
-                ;; stream, the *real* file position will smaller than
-                ;; reported, because we want to look like the unread
-                ;; stuff is still available.
-                (decf posn (- (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream)
-                              (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream)))
-                (when (fd-stream-unread stream)
-                  (decf posn))
-                ;; Divide bytes by element size.
-                (truncate posn (fd-stream-element-size stream)))
-               ((eq errno sb!unix:espipe)
-                nil)
-               (t
-                (sb!sys:with-interrupts
-                  (simple-stream-perror "failure in Unix lseek() on ~S"
-                                        stream
-                                        errno))))))
-      (let ((offset 0) origin)
-       (declare (type index offset))
-       ;; Make sure we don't have any output pending, because if we
-       ;; move the file pointer before writing this stuff, it will be
-       ;; written in the wrong location.
-       (flush-output-buffer stream)
-       (do ()
-           ((null (fd-stream-output-later stream)))
-         (sb!sys:serve-all-events))
-       ;; Clear out any pending input to force the next read to go to
-       ;; the disk.
-       (setf (fd-stream-unread stream) nil)
-       (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream) 0)
-       (setf (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream) 0)
-       ;; Trash cached value for listen, so that we check next time.
-       (setf (fd-stream-listen stream) nil)
-       ;; Now move it.
-       (cond ((eq newpos :start)
-              (setf offset 0 origin sb!unix:l_set))
-             ((eq newpos :end)
-              (setf offset 0 origin sb!unix:l_xtnd))
-             ((typep newpos 'index)
-              (setf offset (* newpos (fd-stream-element-size stream))
-                    origin sb!unix:l_set))
-             (t
-              (error "invalid position given to FILE-POSITION: ~S" newpos)))
-       (multiple-value-bind (posn errno)
-           (sb!unix:unix-lseek (fd-stream-fd stream) offset origin)
-         (cond ((typep posn 'fixnum)
-                t)
-               ((eq errno sb!unix:espipe)
-                nil)
-               (t
-                (simple-stream-perror "error in Unix lseek() on ~S"
-                                      stream
-                                      errno)))))))
+     (if arg1
+         (fd-stream-set-file-position fd-stream arg1)
+         (fd-stream-get-file-position fd-stream)))))
+
+;; FIXME: Think about this.
+;;
+;; (defun finish-fd-stream-output (fd-stream)
+;;   (let ((timeout (fd-stream-timeout fd-stream)))
+;;     (loop while (fd-stream-output-later fd-stream)
+;;        ;; FIXME: SIGINT while waiting for a timeout will
+;;        ;; cause a timeout here.
+;;        do (when (and (not (serve-event timeout)) timeout)
+;;             (signal-timeout 'io-timeout
+;;                             :stream fd-stream
+;;                             :direction :write
+;;                             :seconds timeout)))))
+
+(defun finish-fd-stream-output (stream)
+  (flush-output-buffer stream)
+  (do ()
+      ((null (fd-stream-output-later stream)))
+    (serve-all-events)))
+
+(defun fd-stream-get-file-position (stream)
+  (declare (fd-stream stream))
+  (without-interrupts
+    (let ((posn (sb!unix:unix-lseek (fd-stream-fd stream) 0 sb!unix:l_incr)))
+      (declare (type (or (alien sb!unix:off-t) null) posn))
+      ;; We used to return NIL for errno==ESPIPE, and signal an error
+      ;; in other failure cases. However, CLHS says to return NIL if
+      ;; the position cannot be determined -- so that's what we do.
+      (when (integerp posn)
+        ;; Adjust for buffered output: If there is any output
+        ;; buffered, the *real* file position will be larger
+        ;; than reported by lseek() because lseek() obviously
+        ;; cannot take into account output we have not sent
+        ;; yet.
+        (dolist (later (fd-stream-output-later stream))
+          (incf posn (- (caddr later) (cadr later))))
+        (incf posn (fd-stream-obuf-tail stream))
+        ;; Adjust for unread input: If there is any input
+        ;; read from UNIX but not supplied to the user of the
+        ;; stream, the *real* file position will smaller than
+        ;; reported, because we want to look like the unread
+        ;; stuff is still available.
+        (decf posn (- (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream)
+                      (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream)))
+        (when (fd-stream-unread stream)
+          (decf posn))
+        ;; Divide bytes by element size.
+        (truncate posn (fd-stream-element-size stream))))))
+
+(defun fd-stream-set-file-position (stream position-spec)
+  (declare (fd-stream stream))
+  (check-type position-spec
+              (or (alien sb!unix:off-t) (member nil :start :end))
+              "valid file position designator")
+  (tagbody
+   :again
+     ;; Make sure we don't have any output pending, because if we
+     ;; move the file pointer before writing this stuff, it will be
+     ;; written in the wrong location.
+     (finish-fd-stream-output stream)
+     ;; Disable interrupts so that interrupt handlers doing output
+     ;; won't screw us.
+     (without-interrupts
+       (unless (fd-stream-output-finished-p stream)
+         ;; We got interrupted and more output came our way during
+         ;; the interrupt. Wrapping the FINISH-FD-STREAM-OUTPUT in
+         ;; WITHOUT-INTERRUPTS gets nasty as it can signal errors,
+         ;; so we prefer to do things like this...
+         (go :again))
+       ;; Clear out any pending input to force the next read to go to
+       ;; the disk.
+       (setf (fd-stream-unread stream) nil
+             (fd-stream-ibuf-head stream) 0
+             (fd-stream-ibuf-tail stream) 0)
+       ;; Trash cached value for listen, so that we check next time.
+       (setf (fd-stream-listen stream) nil)
+         ;; Now move it.
+         (multiple-value-bind (offset origin)
+             (case position-spec
+           (:start
+            (values 0 sb!unix:l_set))
+           (:end
+            (values 0 sb!unix:l_xtnd))
+           (t
+            (values (* position-spec (fd-stream-element-size stream))
+                    sb!unix:l_set)))
+           (declare (type (alien sb!unix:off-t) offset))
+           (let ((posn (sb!unix:unix-lseek (fd-stream-fd stream)
+                                           offset origin)))
+             ;; CLHS says to return true if the file-position was set
+             ;; succesfully, and NIL otherwise. We are to signal an error
+             ;; only if the given position was out of bounds, and that is
+             ;; dealt with above. In times past we used to return NIL for
+             ;; errno==ESPIPE, and signal an error in other cases.
+             ;;
+             ;; FIXME: We are still liable to signal an error if flushing
+             ;; output fails.
+             (return-from fd-stream-set-file-position
+               (typep posn '(alien sb!unix:off-t))))))))
+
 \f
 ;;;; creation routines (MAKE-FD-STREAM and OPEN)
 
 ;;;
 ;;; NAME is used to identify the stream when printed.
 (defun make-fd-stream (fd
-                      &key
-                      (input nil input-p)
-                      (output nil output-p)
-                      (element-type 'base-char)
-                      (buffering :full)
-                      timeout
-                      file
-                      original
-                      delete-original
-                      pathname
-                      input-buffer-p
-                      (name (if file
-                                (format nil "file ~S" file)
-                                (format nil "descriptor ~W" fd)))
-                      auto-close)
-  (declare (type index fd) (type (or index null) timeout)
-          (type (member :none :line :full) buffering))
+                       &key
+                       (input nil input-p)
+                       (output nil output-p)
+                       (element-type 'base-char)
+                       (buffering :full)
+                       (external-format :default)
+                       timeout
+                       file
+                       original
+                       delete-original
+                       pathname
+                       input-buffer-p
+                       dual-channel-p
+                       (name (if file
+                                 (format nil "file ~A" file)
+                                 (format nil "descriptor ~W" fd)))
+                       auto-close)
+  (declare (type index fd) (type (or real null) timeout)
+           (type (member :none :line :full) buffering))
   (cond ((not (or input-p output-p))
-        (setf input t))
-       ((not (or input output))
-        (error "File descriptor must be opened either for input or output.")))
+         (setf input t))
+        ((not (or input output))
+         (error "File descriptor must be opened either for input or output.")))
   (let ((stream (%make-fd-stream :fd fd
-                                :name name
-                                :file file
-                                :original original
-                                :delete-original delete-original
-                                :pathname pathname
-                                :buffering buffering
-                                :timeout timeout)))
-    (set-fd-stream-routines stream element-type input output input-buffer-p)
+                                 :name name
+                                 :file file
+                                 :original original
+                                 :delete-original delete-original
+                                 :pathname pathname
+                                 :buffering buffering
+                                 :dual-channel-p dual-channel-p
+                                 :external-format external-format
+                                 :timeout
+                                 (if timeout
+                                     (coerce timeout 'single-float)
+                                     nil))))
+    (set-fd-stream-routines stream element-type external-format
+                            input output input-buffer-p)
     (when (and auto-close (fboundp 'finalize))
       (finalize stream
-               (lambda ()
-                 (sb!unix:unix-close fd)
-                 #!+sb-show
-                 (format *terminal-io* "** closed file descriptor ~W **~%"
-                         fd))))
+                (lambda ()
+                  (sb!unix:unix-close fd)
+                  #!+sb-show
+                  (format *terminal-io* "** closed file descriptor ~W **~%"
+                          fd))))
     stream))
 
 ;;; Pick a name to use for the backup file for the :IF-EXISTS
 ;;; :RENAME-AND-DELETE and :RENAME options.
 (defun pick-backup-name (name)
-  (declare (type simple-base-string name))
-  (concatenate 'simple-base-string name ".bak"))
+  (declare (type simple-string name))
+  (concatenate 'simple-string name ".bak"))
 
 ;;; Ensure that the given arg is one of the given list of valid
 ;;; things. Allow the user to fix any problems.
 (defun ensure-one-of (item list what)
   (unless (member item list)
     (error 'simple-type-error
-          :datum item
-          :expected-type `(member ,@list)
-          :format-control "~@<~S is ~_invalid for ~S; ~_need one of~{ ~S~}~:>"
-          :format-arguments (list item what list))))
+           :datum item
+           :expected-type `(member ,@list)
+           :format-control "~@<~S is ~_invalid for ~S; ~_need one of~{ ~S~}~:>"
+           :format-arguments (list item what list))))
 
 ;;; Rename NAMESTRING to ORIGINAL. First, check whether we have write
 ;;; access, since we don't want to trash unwritable files even if we
     (error "~@<The file ~2I~_~S ~I~_is not writable.~:>" namestring))
   (multiple-value-bind (okay err) (sb!unix:unix-rename namestring original)
     (if okay
-       t
-       (error 'simple-file-error
-              :pathname namestring
-              :format-control 
-              "~@<couldn't rename ~2I~_~S ~I~_to ~2I~_~S: ~4I~_~A~:>"
-              :format-arguments (list namestring original (strerror err))))))
+        t
+        (error 'simple-file-error
+               :pathname namestring
+               :format-control
+               "~@<couldn't rename ~2I~_~S ~I~_to ~2I~_~S: ~4I~_~A~:>"
+               :format-arguments (list namestring original (strerror err))))))
 
 (defun open (filename
-            &key
-            (direction :input)
-            (element-type 'base-char)
-            (if-exists nil if-exists-given)
-            (if-does-not-exist nil if-does-not-exist-given)
-            (external-format :default)
-            &aux ; Squelch assignment warning.
-            (direction direction)
-            (if-does-not-exist if-does-not-exist)
-            (if-exists if-exists))
+             &key
+             (direction :input)
+             (element-type 'base-char)
+             (if-exists nil if-exists-given)
+             (if-does-not-exist nil if-does-not-exist-given)
+             (external-format :default)
+             &aux ; Squelch assignment warning.
+             (direction direction)
+             (if-does-not-exist if-does-not-exist)
+             (if-exists if-exists))
   #!+sb-doc
   "Return a stream which reads from or writes to FILENAME.
   Defined keywords:
    :DIRECTION - one of :INPUT, :OUTPUT, :IO, or :PROBE
    :ELEMENT-TYPE - the type of object to read or write, default BASE-CHAR
    :IF-EXISTS - one of :ERROR, :NEW-VERSION, :RENAME, :RENAME-AND-DELETE,
-                      :OVERWRITE, :APPEND, :SUPERSEDE or NIL
-   :IF-DOES-NOT-EXIST - one of :ERROR, :CREATE or nil
+                       :OVERWRITE, :APPEND, :SUPERSEDE or NIL
+   :IF-DOES-NOT-EXIST - one of :ERROR, :CREATE or NIL
   See the manual for details."
 
-  (unless (eq external-format :default)
-    (error "Any external format other than :DEFAULT isn't recognized."))
-
-  ;; First, make sure that DIRECTION is valid.
-  (ensure-one-of direction
-                '(:input :output :io :probe)
-                :direction)
-
   ;; Calculate useful stuff.
   (multiple-value-bind (input output mask)
       (case direction
-       (:input  (values   t nil sb!unix:o_rdonly))
-       (:output (values nil   t sb!unix:o_wronly))
-       (:io     (values   t   t sb!unix:o_rdwr))
-       (:probe  (values   t nil sb!unix:o_rdonly)))
+        (:input  (values   t nil sb!unix:o_rdonly))
+        (:output (values nil   t sb!unix:o_wronly))
+        (:io     (values   t   t sb!unix:o_rdwr))
+        (:probe  (values   t nil sb!unix:o_rdonly)))
     (declare (type index mask))
     (let* ((pathname (merge-pathnames filename))
-          (namestring
-           (cond ((unix-namestring pathname input))
-                 ((and input (eq if-does-not-exist :create))
-                  (unix-namestring pathname nil)))))
+           (namestring
+            (cond ((unix-namestring pathname input))
+                  ((and input (eq if-does-not-exist :create))
+                   (unix-namestring pathname nil))
+                  ((and (eq direction :io) (not if-does-not-exist-given))
+                   (unix-namestring pathname nil)))))
       ;; Process if-exists argument if we are doing any output.
       (cond (output
-            (unless if-exists-given
-              (setf if-exists
-                    (if (eq (pathname-version pathname) :newest)
-                        :new-version
-                        :error)))
-            (ensure-one-of if-exists
-                           '(:error :new-version :rename
-                                    :rename-and-delete :overwrite
-                                    :append :supersede nil)
-                           :if-exists)
-            (case if-exists
-              ((:error nil)
-               (setf mask (logior mask sb!unix:o_excl)))
-              ((:rename :rename-and-delete)
-               (setf mask (logior mask sb!unix:o_creat)))
-              ((:new-version :supersede)
-               (setf mask (logior mask sb!unix:o_trunc)))
-              (:append
-               (setf mask (logior mask sb!unix:o_append)))))
-           (t
-            (setf if-exists :ignore-this-arg)))
+             (unless if-exists-given
+               (setf if-exists
+                     (if (eq (pathname-version pathname) :newest)
+                         :new-version
+                         :error)))
+             (ensure-one-of if-exists
+                            '(:error :new-version :rename
+                                     :rename-and-delete :overwrite
+                                     :append :supersede nil)
+                            :if-exists)
+             (case if-exists
+               ((:new-version :error nil)
+                (setf mask (logior mask sb!unix:o_excl)))
+               ((:rename :rename-and-delete)
+                (setf mask (logior mask sb!unix:o_creat)))
+               ((:supersede)
+                (setf mask (logior mask sb!unix:o_trunc)))
+               (:append
+                (setf mask (logior mask sb!unix:o_append)))))
+            (t
+             (setf if-exists :ignore-this-arg)))
 
       (unless if-does-not-exist-given
-       (setf if-does-not-exist
-             (cond ((eq direction :input) :error)
-                   ((and output
-                         (member if-exists '(:overwrite :append)))
-                    :error)
-                   ((eq direction :probe)
-                    nil)
-                   (t
-                    :create))))
+        (setf if-does-not-exist
+              (cond ((eq direction :input) :error)
+                    ((and output
+                          (member if-exists '(:overwrite :append)))
+                     :error)
+                    ((eq direction :probe)
+                     nil)
+                    (t
+                     :create))))
       (ensure-one-of if-does-not-exist
-                    '(:error :create nil)
-                    :if-does-not-exist)
+                     '(:error :create nil)
+                     :if-does-not-exist)
       (if (eq if-does-not-exist :create)
-       (setf mask (logior mask sb!unix:o_creat)))
-
-      (let ((original (if (member if-exists
-                                 '(:rename :rename-and-delete))
-                         (pick-backup-name namestring)))
-           (delete-original (eq if-exists :rename-and-delete))
-           (mode #o666))
-       (when original
-         ;; We are doing a :RENAME or :RENAME-AND-DELETE. Determine
-         ;; whether the file already exists, make sure the original
-         ;; file is not a directory, and keep the mode.
-         (let ((exists
-                (and namestring
-                     (multiple-value-bind (okay err/dev inode orig-mode)
-                         (sb!unix:unix-stat namestring)
-                       (declare (ignore inode)
-                                (type (or index null) orig-mode))
-                       (cond
-                        (okay
-                         (when (and output (= (logand orig-mode #o170000)
-                                              #o40000))
-                           (error 'simple-file-error
-                                  :pathname namestring
-                                  :format-control
-                                  "can't open ~S for output: is a directory"
-                                  :format-arguments (list namestring)))
-                         (setf mode (logand orig-mode #o777))
-                         t)
-                        ((eql err/dev sb!unix:enoent)
-                         nil)
-                        (t
-                         (simple-file-perror "can't find ~S"
-                                             namestring
-                                             err/dev)))))))
-           (unless (and exists
-                        (rename-the-old-one namestring original))
-             (setf original nil)
-             (setf delete-original nil)
-             ;; In order to use :SUPERSEDE instead, we have to make
-             ;; sure SB!UNIX:O_CREAT corresponds to
-             ;; IF-DOES-NOT-EXIST. SB!UNIX:O_CREAT was set before
-             ;; because of IF-EXISTS being :RENAME.
-             (unless (eq if-does-not-exist :create)
-               (setf mask
-                     (logior (logandc2 mask sb!unix:o_creat)
-                             sb!unix:o_trunc)))
-             (setf if-exists :supersede))))
-       
-       ;; Now we can try the actual Unix open(2).
-       (multiple-value-bind (fd errno)
-           (if namestring
-               (sb!unix:unix-open namestring mask mode)
-               (values nil sb!unix:enoent))
-         (labels ((open-error (format-control &rest format-arguments)
-                    (error 'simple-file-error
-                           :pathname pathname
-                           :format-control format-control
-                           :format-arguments format-arguments))
-                  (vanilla-open-error ()
-                    (simple-file-perror "error opening ~S" pathname errno)))
-           (cond ((numberp fd)
-                  (case direction
-                    ((:input :output :io)
-                     (make-fd-stream fd
-                                     :input input
-                                     :output output
-                                     :element-type element-type
-                                     :file namestring
-                                     :original original
-                                     :delete-original delete-original
-                                     :pathname pathname
-                                     :input-buffer-p t
-                                     :auto-close t))
-                    (:probe
-                     (let ((stream
-                            (%make-fd-stream :name namestring
-                                             :fd fd
-                                             :pathname pathname
-                                             :element-type element-type)))
-                       (close stream)
-                       stream))))
-                 ((eql errno sb!unix:enoent)
-                  (case if-does-not-exist
-                    (:error (vanilla-open-error))
-                    (:create
-                     (open-error "~@<The path ~2I~_~S ~I~_does not exist.~:>"
-                                 pathname))
-                    (t nil)))
-                 ((and (eql errno sb!unix:eexist) if-exists)
-                  nil)
-                 (t
-                  (vanilla-open-error)))))))))
+        (setf mask (logior mask sb!unix:o_creat)))
+
+      (let ((original (case if-exists
+                        ((:rename :rename-and-delete)
+                         (pick-backup-name namestring))
+                        ((:append :overwrite)
+                         ;; KLUDGE: Provent CLOSE from deleting
+                         ;; appending streams when called with :ABORT T
+                         namestring)))
+            (delete-original (eq if-exists :rename-and-delete))
+            (mode #o666))
+        (when (and original (not (eq original namestring)))
+          ;; We are doing a :RENAME or :RENAME-AND-DELETE. Determine
+          ;; whether the file already exists, make sure the original
+          ;; file is not a directory, and keep the mode.
+          (let ((exists
+                 (and namestring
+                      (multiple-value-bind (okay err/dev inode orig-mode)
+                          (sb!unix:unix-stat namestring)
+                        (declare (ignore inode)
+                                 (type (or index null) orig-mode))
+                        (cond
+                         (okay
+                          (when (and output (= (logand orig-mode #o170000)
+                                               #o40000))
+                            (error 'simple-file-error
+                                   :pathname namestring
+                                   :format-control
+                                   "can't open ~S for output: is a directory"
+                                   :format-arguments (list namestring)))
+                          (setf mode (logand orig-mode #o777))
+                          t)
+                         ((eql err/dev sb!unix:enoent)
+                          nil)
+                         (t
+                          (simple-file-perror "can't find ~S"
+                                              namestring
+                                              err/dev)))))))
+            (unless (and exists
+                         (rename-the-old-one namestring original))
+              (setf original nil)
+              (setf delete-original nil)
+              ;; In order to use :SUPERSEDE instead, we have to make
+              ;; sure SB!UNIX:O_CREAT corresponds to
+              ;; IF-DOES-NOT-EXIST. SB!UNIX:O_CREAT was set before
+              ;; because of IF-EXISTS being :RENAME.
+              (unless (eq if-does-not-exist :create)
+                (setf mask
+                      (logior (logandc2 mask sb!unix:o_creat)
+                              sb!unix:o_trunc)))
+              (setf if-exists :supersede))))
+
+        ;; Now we can try the actual Unix open(2).
+        (multiple-value-bind (fd errno)
+            (if namestring
+                (sb!unix:unix-open namestring mask mode)
+                (values nil sb!unix:enoent))
+          (labels ((open-error (format-control &rest format-arguments)
+                     (error 'simple-file-error
+                            :pathname pathname
+                            :format-control format-control
+                            :format-arguments format-arguments))
+                   (vanilla-open-error ()
+                     (simple-file-perror "error opening ~S" pathname errno)))
+            (cond ((numberp fd)
+                   (case direction
+                     ((:input :output :io)
+                      (make-fd-stream fd
+                                      :input input
+                                      :output output
+                                      :element-type element-type
+                                      :external-format external-format
+                                      :file namestring
+                                      :original original
+                                      :delete-original delete-original
+                                      :pathname pathname
+                                      :dual-channel-p nil
+                                      :input-buffer-p t
+                                      :auto-close t))
+                     (:probe
+                      (let ((stream
+                             (%make-fd-stream :name namestring
+                                              :fd fd
+                                              :pathname pathname
+                                              :element-type element-type)))
+                        (close stream)
+                        stream))))
+                  ((eql errno sb!unix:enoent)
+                   (case if-does-not-exist
+                     (:error (vanilla-open-error))
+                     (:create
+                      (open-error "~@<The path ~2I~_~S ~I~_does not exist.~:>"
+                                  pathname))
+                     (t nil)))
+                  ((and (eql errno sb!unix:eexist) (null if-exists))
+                   nil)
+                  (t
+                   (vanilla-open-error)))))))))
 \f
 ;;;; initialization
 
 ;;; This is called whenever a saved core is restarted.
 (defun stream-reinit ()
   (setf *available-buffers* nil)
-  (setf *stdin*
-       (make-fd-stream 0 :name "standard input" :input t :buffering :line))
-  (setf *stdout*
-       (make-fd-stream 1 :name "standard output" :output t :buffering :line))
-  (setf *stderr*
-       (make-fd-stream 2 :name "standard error" :output t :buffering :line))
-  (let ((tty (sb!unix:unix-open "/dev/tty" sb!unix:o_rdwr #o666)))
-    (if tty
-       (setf *tty*
-             (make-fd-stream tty
-                             :name "the terminal"
-                             :input t
-                             :output t
-                             :buffering :line
-                             :auto-close t))
-       (setf *tty* (make-two-way-stream *stdin* *stdout*))))
+  (with-output-to-string (*error-output*)
+    (setf *stdin*
+          (make-fd-stream 0 :name "standard input" :input t :buffering :line
+                            #!+win32 :external-format #!+win32 (sb!win32::console-input-codepage)))
+    (setf *stdout*
+          (make-fd-stream 1 :name "standard output" :output t :buffering :line
+                            #!+win32 :external-format #!+win32 (sb!win32::console-output-codepage)))
+    (setf *stderr*
+          (make-fd-stream 2 :name "standard error" :output t :buffering :line
+                            #!+win32 :external-format #!+win32 (sb!win32::console-output-codepage)))
+    (let* ((ttyname #.(coerce "/dev/tty" 'simple-base-string))
+           (tty (sb!unix:unix-open ttyname sb!unix:o_rdwr #o666)))
+      (if tty
+          (setf *tty*
+                (make-fd-stream tty
+                                :name "the terminal"
+                                :input t
+                                :output t
+                                :buffering :line
+                                :auto-close t))
+          (setf *tty* (make-two-way-stream *stdin* *stdout*))))
+    (princ (get-output-stream-string *error-output*) *stderr*))
   (values))
 \f
 ;;;; miscellany
 ;;;
 ;;; FIXME: misleading name, screwy interface
 (defun file-name (stream &optional new-name)
-  (when (typep stream 'file-stream)
+  (when (typep stream 'fd-stream)
       (cond (new-name
-            (setf (fd-stream-pathname stream) new-name)
-            (setf (fd-stream-file stream)
-                  (unix-namestring new-name nil))
-            t)
-           (t
-            (fd-stream-pathname stream)))))
-\f
-;;;; international character support (which is trivial for our simple
-;;;; character sets)
-
-;;;; (Those who do Lisp only in English might not remember that ANSI
-;;;; requires these functions to be exported from package
-;;;; COMMON-LISP.)
-
-(defun file-string-length (stream object)
-  (declare (type (or string character) object) (type file-stream stream))
-  #!+sb-doc
-  "Return the delta in STREAM's FILE-POSITION that would be caused by writing
-   OBJECT to STREAM. Non-trivial only in implementations that support
-   international character sets."
-  (declare (ignore stream))
-  (etypecase object
-    (character 1)
-    (string (length object))))
-
-(defun stream-external-format (stream)
-  (declare (type file-stream stream) (ignore stream))
-  #!+sb-doc
-  "Return :DEFAULT."
-  :default)
+             (setf (fd-stream-pathname stream) new-name)
+             (setf (fd-stream-file stream)
+                   (unix-namestring new-name nil))
+             t)
+            (t
+             (fd-stream-pathname stream)))))